Date | 14–15 April 1912; 107 years ago |
---|---|
Time | 23:40–02:20 (02:40–05:20 GMT)[a] |
Location | North Atlantic Ocean, 400 miles (640 km) east of Newfoundland |
Coordinates | 41°43′32″N49°56′49″W / 41.72556°N 49.94694°WCoordinates: 41°43′32″N49°56′49″W / 41.72556°N 49.94694°W |
Type | Maritime disaster |
Cause | Collision with iceberg on 14 April |
Participants | Titanic crew and passengers |
Outcome | Maritime policy changes; SOLAS |
Deaths | 1,490–1,635 |
The RMS Titanic sank in the early morning of 15 April 1912 in the North Atlantic Ocean, four days into the ship's maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City. The largest ocean liner in service at the time, Titanic had an estimated 2,224 people on board when she struck an iceberg at around 23:40 (ship's time)[a] on Sunday, 14 April 1912. Her sinking two hours and forty minutes later at 02:20 (ship's time; 05:18 GMT) on Monday, 15 April, resulted in the deaths of more than 1,500 people, making it one of the deadliest peacetime marine disasters in history.
Titanic received six warnings of sea ice on 14 April but was travelling near her maximum speed when her lookouts sighted the iceberg. Unable to turn quickly enough, the ship suffered a glancing blow that buckled her starboard side and opened six of her sixteen compartments to the sea (the forepeak, all three holds, and boiler rooms 5 and 6). Titanic had been designed to stay afloat with four of her forward compartments flooded but no more, and the crew soon realised that the ship would sink. They used distress flares and radio (wireless) messages to attract help as the passengers were put into lifeboats.
In accordance with existing practice, Titanic'slifeboat system was designed to ferry passengers to nearby rescue vessels, not to hold everyone on board simultaneously; therefore, with the ship sinking rapidly and help still hours away, there was no safe refuge for many of the passengers and crew. Compounding this, poor management of the evacuation meant many boats were launched before they were completely full.
Titanic Boiler Room Flooding Scene
As a result, when Titanic sank, over a thousand passengers and crew were still on board. Almost all those who jumped or fell into the water either drowned or died within minutes due to the effects of cold shock and incapacitation. RMS Carpathia arrived on the scene about an hour and a half after the sinking and rescued the last of the survivors by 09:15 on 15 April, some nine and a half hours after the collision. The disaster shocked the world and caused widespread outrage over the lack of lifeboats, lax regulations, and the unequal treatment of the three passenger classes during the evacuation. Subsequent inquiries recommended sweeping changes to maritime regulations, leading to the establishment in 1914 of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS).
- 214 April 1912
- 2.2'Iceberg right ahead!'
- 315 April 1912
- 3.2Departure of the lifeboats
- 3.3Last minutes of sinking
- 4Aftermath
- 8Bibliography
Background[edit]
Titanic on sea trials, 2 April 1912
At the time of her entry into service on 2 April 1912, Royal Mail Ship (RMS) Titanic was the second of three[b]Olympic-class ocean linersister ships, and was the largest ship in the world. She and her sister, RMS Olympic, were almost one and a half times the gross register tonnage of Cunard's RMS Lusitania and RMS Mauretania, the previous record holders, and were nearly 100 feet (30 m) longer.[2]Titanic could carry 3,547 people in speed and comfort,[3] and was built on an unprecedented scale. Her reciprocating engines were the largest that had ever been built, standing 40 feet (12 m) high and with cylinders 9 feet (2.7 m) in diameter requiring the burning of 600 long tons (610 t) of coal per day.[3]
Her passenger accommodation, especially the First Class section, was said to be 'of unrivalled extent and magnificence',[4] indicated by the fares that First Class accommodation commanded. The Parlour Suites (the most expensive and most luxurious suites on the ship) with private promenade cost over $4,350 (equivalent to $113,000 today)[5] for a one-way transatlantic passage. Even Third Class, though considerably less luxurious than Second and First Classes, was unusually comfortable by contemporary standards and was supplied with plentiful quantities of good food, providing her passengers with better conditions than many of them had experienced at home.[4]
Titanic's maiden voyage began shortly after noon on 10 April 1912 when she left Southampton on the first leg of her journey to New York.[6] A few hours later she called at Cherbourg in northern France, a journey of 80 nautical miles (148 km; 92 mi), where she took on passengers.[7] Her next port of call was Queenstown (now Cobh) in Ireland, which she reached around midday on 11 April.[8] She left in the afternoon after taking on more passengers and stores.[9]
By the time she departed westwards across the Atlantic she was carrying 892 crew members and 1,320 passengers. This was only about half of her full passenger capacity of 2,435,[10] as it was the low season and shipping from the UK had been disrupted by a coal miners' strike.[11] Her passengers were a cross-section of Edwardian society, from millionaires such as John Jacob Astor and Benjamin Guggenheim,[12] to poor emigrants from countries as disparate as Armenia, Ireland, Italy, Sweden, Syria and Russia seeking a new life in the United States.[13]
Route of Titanic's maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City, the point where she sank marked in yellow
The ship was commanded by 62-year-old Captain Edward Smith, the most senior of the White Star Line's captains. He had four decades of seafaring experience and had served as captain of RMS Olympic, from which he was transferred to command Titanic.[14] The vast majority of the crew who served under him were not trained sailors, but were either engineers, firemen, or stokers, responsible for looking after the engines; or stewards and galley staff, responsible for the passengers. The six watch officers and 39 able seamen constituted only around five percent of the crew,[10] and most of these had been taken on at Southampton so had not had time to familiarise themselves with the ship.[15]
The ice conditions were attributed to a mild winter that caused large numbers of icebergs to shift off the west coast of Greenland.[16]
A fire had begun in one of Titanic'scoal bins approximately 10 days prior to the ship's departure, and continued to burn for several days into the voyage, but it was over on 14 April.[17][18] The weather improved significantly during the course of the day, from brisk winds and moderate seas in the morning to a crystal-clear calm by evening, as the ship's path took her beneath an arctic high pressure system.[19]
14 April 1912[edit]
Iceberg warnings[edit]
The iceberg thought to have been hit by Titanic, photographed the morning of 15 April 1912 by SS Prinz Adalbert's chief steward. The iceberg was reported to have a streak of red paint from a ship's hull along its waterline on one side.
On 14 April 1912, Titanic'sradio operators[c] received six messages from other ships warning of drifting ice, which passengers on Titanic had begun to notice during the afternoon. The ice conditions in the North Atlantic were the worst for any April in the previous 50 years (which was the reason why the lookouts were unaware that they were about to steam into a line of drifting ice several miles wide and many miles long).[20] Not all of these messages were relayed by the radio operators. At the time, all wireless operators on ocean liners were employees of the Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company and not members of their ship's crew; their primary responsibility was to send messages for the passengers, with weather reports as a secondary concern.
The first warning came at 09:00 from RMS Caronia reporting 'bergs, growlers[d] and field ice'.[21] Captain Smith acknowledged receipt of the message. At 13:42, RMS Baltic relayed a report from the Greek ship Athenia that she had been 'passing icebergs and large quantities of field ice'.[21] This too was acknowledged by Smith, who showed the report to J. Bruce Ismay, the chairman of the White Star Line, aboard Titanic for her maiden voyage.[21] Smith ordered a new course to be set, to take the ship farther south.[22]
At 13:45, the German ship SS Amerika, which was a short distance to the south, reported she had 'passed two large icebergs'.[23] This message never reached Captain Smith or the other officers on Titanic'sbridge. The reason is unclear, but it may have been forgotten because the radio operators had to fix faulty equipment.[23]
SS Californian reported 'three large bergs' at 19:30, and at 21:40, the steamer Mesaba reported: 'Saw much heavy pack ice and great number large icebergs. Also field ice.'[24] This message, too, never left the Titanic's radio room. The radio operator, Jack Phillips, may have failed to grasp its significance because he was preoccupied with transmitting messages for passengers via the relay station at Cape Race, Newfoundland; the radio set had broken down the day before, resulting in a backlog of messages that the two operators were trying to clear.[23] A final warning was received at 22:30 from operator Cyril Evans of Californian, which had halted for the night in an ice field some miles away, but Phillips cut it off and signalled back: 'Shut up! Shut up! I'm working Cape Race.'[24]
Although the crew was aware of ice in the vicinity, they did not reduce the ship's speed, and continued to steam at 22 knots (41 km/h; 25 mph), only 2 knots (3.7 km/h; 2.3 mph) short of her maximum speed.[23][e]Titanic's high speed in waters where ice had been reported was later criticised as reckless, but it reflected standard maritime practice at the time. According to Fifth Officer Harold Lowe, the custom was 'to go ahead and depend upon the lookouts in the crow's nest and the watch on the bridge to pick up the ice in time to avoid hitting it'.[26]
The North Atlantic liners prioritised time-keeping above all other considerations, sticking rigidly to a schedule that would guarantee their arrival at an advertised time. They were frequently driven at close to their full speed, treating hazard warnings as advisories rather than calls to action. It was widely believed that ice posed little risk; close calls were not uncommon, and even head-on collisions had not been disastrous. In 1907, SS Kronprinz Wilhelm, a German liner, had rammed an iceberg and suffered a crushed bow, but was still able to complete her voyage. That same year, Titanic's future captain, Edward Smith, declared in an interview that he could not 'imagine any condition which would cause a ship to founder. Modern shipbuilding has gone beyond that.'[27]
'Iceberg right ahead!'[edit]
Titanic enters Iceberg Alley[edit]
As Titanic approached her fatal collision, most passengers had gone to bed and command of the bridge had passed from Second Officer Charles Lightoller to First Officer William Murdoch. Lookouts Frederick Fleet and Reginald Lee were occupying the crow's nest, 29 metres (95 ft) above the deck. The air temperature had fallen to near freezing, and the ocean was completely calm. Colonel Archibald Gracie, one of the survivors of the disaster, later wrote that 'the sea was like glass, so smooth that the stars were clearly reflected.'[28] It is now known that such exceptionally calm water is a sign of nearby pack ice.[29]
Although the air was clear, there was no moon, and with the sea so calm, there was nothing to give away the position of the nearby icebergs; had the sea been rougher, waves breaking against the icebergs would have made them more visible.[30] Because of a mix-up at Southampton the lookouts had no binoculars; but reportedly binoculars would not have been effective in darkness which was total except for starlight and the ship's own lights.[31] The lookouts were nonetheless well aware of the ice hazard, as Lightoller had ordered them and other crew members to 'keep a sharp look-out for ice, particularly small ice and growlers'.[d][32]
At 23:30, Fleet and Lee noticed a slight haze on the horizon ahead of them, but did not make anything of it. Some experts now believe that this haze was actually a mirage caused by cold waters meeting warm air—similar to a water mirage in the desert—when Titanic entered Iceberg Alley. This would have resulted in a raised horizon, blinding the lookouts from spotting anything far away.[33][34]
Collision[edit]
Titanic's course during her attempted 'port around' Course traveled by the bow
Nine minutes later, at 23:39, Fleet spotted an iceberg in Titanic's path. He rang the lookout bell three times and telephoned the bridge to inform Sixth Officer James Moody. Fleet asked, 'Is there anyone there?' Moody replied, 'Yes, what do you see?' Fleet replied, 'Iceberg, right ahead!'[35] After thanking Fleet, Moody relayed the message to Murdoch, who ordered Quartermaster Robert Hichens to change the ship's course.[36] Murdoch is generally believed to have given the order 'hard astarboard', which would result in the ship's tiller being moved all the way to starboard in an attempt to turn the ship to port.[31] This reversal of directions, when compared to modern practice, was common in British ships of the era. He also rang 'full astern' on the ship's telegraphs.[22]
According to Fourth Officer Joseph Boxhall, Murdoch told Captain Smith that he was attempting to 'hard-a-port around [the iceberg]', suggesting that he was attempting a 'port around' manoeuvre – to first swing the bow around the obstacle, then swing the stern so that both ends of the ship would avoid a collision. There was a delay before either order went into effect; the steam-powered steering mechanism took up to 30 seconds to turn the ship's tiller,[22] and the complex task of setting the engines into reverse would also have taken some time to accomplish.[37] Because the centre turbine could not be reversed, both it and the centre propeller, positioned directly in front of the ship's rudder, were stopped. This reduced the rudder's effectiveness, therefore impairing the turning ability of the ship. Had Murdoch turned the ship while maintaining her forward speed, Titanic might have missed the iceberg with feet to spare.[38]
In 2010, Louise Patten asserted that her grandfather, Charles Lightoller, claimed that the helmsman Robert Hichens initially panicked and turned the rudder in the wrong direction. She said that subsequently Bruce Ismay ordered Titanic to continue 'slow ahead' in the belief that the ship was unsinkable, and that this had never been revealed because of the insurance implications.[39]
In the event, Titanic's heading changed just in time to avoid a head-on collision, but the change in direction caused the ship to strike the iceberg with a glancing blow. An underwater spur of ice scraped along the starboard side of the ship for about seven seconds; chunks of ice dislodged from upper parts of the berg fell onto her forward decks.[40] About five minutes after the collision, all of Titanic's engines were stopped, leaving the bow of the ship facing north and slowly drifting south in the Labrador Current.[41]
Effects of the collision[edit]
The iceberg buckled the plates, popped rivets and damaged a sequence of compartments
The impact with the iceberg was long thought to have produced a huge opening in Titanic's hull, 'not less than 300 feet (91 m) in length, 10 feet (3 m) above the level of the keel', as one writer later put it.[42] At the British inquiry following the accident, Edward Wilding (chief naval architect for Harland and Wolff), calculating on the basis of the observed flooding of forward compartments forty minutes after the collision, testified that the area of the hull opened to the sea was 'somewhere about 12 square feet (1.1 m2)'.[43] He also stated that 'I believe it must have been in places, not a continuous rip', but that the different openings must have extended along an area of around 300 feet, to account for the flooding in several compartments.[43] The findings of the inquiry state that the damage extended about 300 feet, and hence many subsequent writers followed this statement. Modern ultrasound surveys of the wreck have found that the damage consisted of six narrow openings in an area of the hull covering only about 12 to 13 square feet (1.1 to 1.2 m2) in total. According to Paul K. Matthias, who made the measurements, the damage consisted of a 'series of deformations in the starboard side that start and stop along the hull .. about 10 feet (3 m) above the bottom of the ship'.[44]
The gaps, the longest of which measures about 39 feet (12 m) long, appear to have followed the line of the hull plates. This suggests that the iron rivets along the plate seams snapped off or popped open to create narrow gaps through which water flooded. An engineer from Titanic's builders, Harland and Wolff, suggested this scenario at the British Wreck Commissioner's inquiry following the disaster but his view was discounted.[44]Titanic's discoverer, Robert Ballard, has commented that the assumption that the ship had suffered a major breach was 'a by-product of the mystique of the Titanic. No one could believe that the great ship was sunk by a little sliver.'[45] Faults in the ship's hull may have been a contributing factor. Recovered pieces of Titanic's hull plates appear to have shattered on impact with the iceberg, without bending.[46]
The plates in the central 60 percent of her hull were held together with triple rows of mild steel rivets, but the plates in the bow and stern were held together with double rows of wrought iron rivets which were – according to materials scientists Tim Foecke and Jennifer McCarty – near their stress limits even before the collision.[47][48] These 'Best' or No. 3 iron rivets had a high level of slag inclusions, making them more brittle than the more usual 'Best-Best' No. 4 iron rivets, and more prone to snapping when put under stress, particularly in extreme cold.[49][50] Tom McCluskie, a retired archivist of Harland & Wolff, pointed out that Olympic, Titanic's sister ship, was riveted with the same iron and served without incident for nearly 25 years, surviving several major collisions, including being rammed by a British cruiser.[51] When Olympic rammed and sank the U-boatU-103 with her bow, the stem was twisted and hull plates on the starboard side were buckled without impairing the hull's integrity.[51][52]
Above the waterline, there was little evidence of the collision. The stewards in the first class dining room noticed a shudder, which they thought might have been caused by the ship shedding a propeller blade. Many of the passengers felt a bump or shudder – 'just as though we went over about a thousand marbles',[53] as one survivor put it – but did not know what had happened.[54] Those on the lowest decks, nearest the site of the collision, felt it much more directly. Engine Oiler Walter Hurst recalled being 'awakened by a grinding crash along the starboard side. No one was very much alarmed but knew we had struck something'.[55]Fireman George Kemish heard a 'heavy thud and grinding tearing sound' from the starboard hull.[56]
Bulkhead arrangement with damaged areas shown in green
The ship began to flood immediately, with water pouring in at an estimated rate of 7 long tons (7.1 t) per second, fifteen times faster than it could be pumped out.[57] Second engineer J. H. Hesketh and leading stoker Frederick Barrett were both struck by a jet of icy water in No. 6 boiler room and escaped just before the room's watertight door closed.[58] This was an extremely dangerous situation for the engineering staff; the boilers were still full of hot high-pressure steam and there was a substantial risk that they would explode if they came into contact with the cold seawater flooding the boiler rooms. The stokers and firemen were ordered to reduce the fires and vent the boilers, sending great quantities of steam up the funnel venting pipes. They were waist-deep in freezing water by the time they finished their work.[59]
Titanic's lower decks were divided into sixteen compartments. Each compartment was separated from its neighbour by a bulkhead running the width of the ship; there were fifteen bulkheads in all. Each bulkhead extended at least to the underside of E Deck, nominally one deck, or about 11 feet (3.4 m), above the waterline. The two nearest the bow and the six nearest the stern went one deck further up.[60]
Each bulkhead could be sealed by watertight doors. The engine rooms and boiler rooms on the tank top deck had vertically closing doors that could be controlled remotely from the bridge, lowered automatically by a float if water was present, or closed manually by the crew. These took about 30 seconds to close; warning bells and alternative escape routes were provided so that the crew would not be trapped by the doors. Above the tank top level, on the Orlop Deck, F Deck and E Deck, the doors closed horizontally and were manually operated. They could be closed at the door itself or from the deck above.[60]
Although the watertight bulkheads extended well above the water line, they were not sealed at the top. If too many compartments were flooded, the ship's bow would settle deeper in the water, and water would spill from one compartment to the next in sequence, rather like water spilling across the top of an ice cube tray. This is what happened to Titanic, which had suffered damage to the forepeak tank, the three forward holds and No. 6 boiler room, a total of five compartments. Titanic was only designed to float with any two compartments flooded, but she could remain afloat with certain combinations of three or even four compartments—the first four—open to the ocean. With five compartments, the tops of the bulkheads would be submerged and the ship would continue to flood.[60][61]
We find out that realism is not the aim of the series and instead its a world of gangsters, villains and corruption.Evans is able to introduce new characters like the ‘Hammer Girl’ and the ‘Baseball Bat’ guy without making them seem totally over the top and ridiculous. The raid 2 indonesia audio full.
Titanic sank in two and a half hours
Captain Smith felt the collision in his cabin and immediately came to the bridge. Informed of the situation, he summoned Thomas Andrews, Titanic's builder, who was among a party of engineers from Harland and Wolff observing the ship's first passenger voyage.[62] The ship was listing five degrees to starboard and was two degrees down by the head within a few minutes of the collision.[63] Smith and Andrews went below and found that the forward cargo holds, the mail room and the squash court were flooded, while No. 6 boiler room was already filled to a depth of 14 feet (4.3 m). Water was spilling over into No. 5 boiler room,[63] and crewmen there were battling to pump it out.[64]
Within 45 minutes of the collision, at least 13,500 long tons (13,700 t) of water had entered the ship. This was far too much for Titanic's ballast and bilge pumps to handle; the total pumping capacity of all the pumps combined was only 1,700 long tons (1,700 t) per hour.[65] Andrews informed the captain that the first five compartments were flooded, and therefore Titanic was doomed. By his estimate, she could remain afloat for no longer than about two hours.[66]
From the time of the collision to the moment of her sinking, at least 35,000 long tons (36,000 t) of water flooded into Titanic, causing her displacement to nearly double from 48,300 long tons (49,100 t) to over 83,000 long tons (84,000 t).[67] The flooding did not proceed at a constant pace, nor was it distributed evenly throughout the ship, due to the configuration of the flooded compartments. Her initial list to starboard was caused by asymmetrical flooding of the starboard side as water poured down a passageway at the bottom of the ship.[68] When the passageway was fully flooded, the list corrected itself but the ship later began to list to port by up to ten degrees as that side also flooded asymmetrically.[69]
Titanic's down angle altered fairly rapidly from zero degrees to about four and a half degrees during the first hour after the collision, but the rate at which the ship went down slowed greatly for the second hour, worsening only to about five degrees.[70] This gave many of those aboard a false sense of hope that the ship might stay afloat long enough for them to be rescued. By 1:30, the sinking rate of the front section increased until Titanic reached a down angle of about ten degrees.[69] At about 02:15, Titanic's angle in the water began to increase rapidly as water poured into previously unflooded parts of the ship through deck hatches, disappearing from view at 02:20.[71]
15 April 1912[edit]
Preparing to abandon ship[edit]
Captain Edward J. Smith in 1911
At 00:05 on 15 April, Captain Smith ordered the ship's lifeboats uncovered and the passengers mustered.[61] He also ordered the radio operators to begin sending distress calls, which wrongly placed the ship on the west side of the ice belt and directed rescuers to a position that turned out to be inaccurate by about 13.5 nautical miles (15.5 mi; 25.0 km).[20][72] Below decks, water was pouring into the lowest levels of the ship. As the mail room flooded, the mail sorters made an ultimately futile attempt to save the 400,000 items of mail being carried aboard Titanic. Elsewhere, air could be heard being forced out by inrushing water.[73] Above them, stewards went door to door, rousing sleeping passengers and crew--Titanic did not have a public address system—and told them to go to the Boat Deck.[74]
The thoroughness of the muster was heavily dependent on the class of the passengers; the first-class stewards were in charge of only a few cabins, while those responsible for the second- and third-class passengers had to manage large numbers of people. The first-class stewards provided hands-on assistance, helping their charges to get dressed and bringing them out onto the deck. With far more people to deal with, the second- and third-class stewards mostly confined their efforts to throwing open doors and telling passengers to put on lifebelts and come up top. In third class, passengers were largely left to their own devices after being informed of the need to come on deck.[75] Many passengers and crew were reluctant to comply, either refusing to believe that there was a problem or preferring the warmth of the ship's interior to the bitterly cold night air. The passengers were not told that the ship was sinking, though a few noticed that she was listing.[74]
Around 00:15, the stewards began ordering the passengers to put on their lifebelts,[76] though again, many passengers took the order as a joke.[74] Some set about playing an impromptu game of association football with the ice chunks that were now strewn across the foredeck.[77] On the boat deck, as the crew began preparing the lifeboats, it was difficult to hear anything over the noise of high-pressure steam being vented from the boilers and escaping via the valves on the funnels above. Lawrence Beesley described the sound as 'a harsh, deafening boom that made conversation difficult; if one imagines 20 locomotives blowing off steam in a low key it would give some idea of the unpleasant sound that met us as we climbed out on the top deck.'[78] The noise was so loud that the crew had to use hand signals to communicate.[79]
Titanic had a total of 20 lifeboats, comprising 16 wooden boats on davits, eight on either side of the ship, and four collapsible boats with wooden bottoms and canvas sides.[74] The collapsibles were stored upside down with the sides folded in, and would have to be erected and moved to the davits for launching.[80] Two were stored under the wooden boats and the other two were lashed atop the officers' quarters.[81] The position of the latter would make them extremely difficult to launch, as they weighed several tons each and had to be manhandled down to the boat deck.[82] On average, the lifeboats could take up to 68 people each, and collectively they could accommodate 1,178 – barely half the number of people on board and a third of the number the ship was licensed to carry. The shortage of lifeboats was not because of a lack of space nor because of cost. Titanic had been designed to accommodate up to 68 lifeboats[83] – enough for everyone on board – and the price of an extra 32 lifeboats would only have been some US$16,000 (equivalent to $415,000 in 2018),[5] a tiny fraction of the $7.5 million that the company had spent on Titanic.
In an emergency, lifeboats at the time were intended to be used to transfer passengers off the distressed ship and onto a nearby vessel.[84][f] It was therefore commonplace for liners to have far fewer lifeboats than needed to accommodate all their passengers and crew, and of the 39 British liners of the time of over 10,000 long tons (10,000 t), 33 had too few lifeboat places to accommodate everyone on board.[86] The White Star Line desired the ship to have a wide promenade deck with uninterrupted views of the sea, which would have been obstructed by a continuous row of lifeboats.[87]
Captain Smith was an experienced seaman who had served for 40 years at sea, including 27 years in command. This was the first crisis of his career, and he would have known that even if all the boats were fully occupied, more than a thousand people would remain on the ship as she went down with little or no chance of survival.[61] As Smith began to grasp the enormity of what was about to happen, he appears to have become paralysed by indecision. He had ordered passengers and crew to muster, but from that point onward, he failed to order his officers to put the passengers into the lifeboats; he did not adequately organise the crew; he failed to convey crucial information to his officers and crew; he sometimes gave ambiguous or impractical orders and he never gave the command to abandon ship.
Even some of his bridge officers were unaware for some time after the collision that the ship was sinking; Fourth Officer Joseph Boxhall did not find out until 01:15, barely an hour before the ship went down,[88] while Quartermaster George Rowe was so unaware of the emergency that after the evacuation had started, he phoned the bridge from his watch station to ask why he had just seen a lifeboat go past.[89] Smith did not inform his officers that the ship did not have enough lifeboats to save everyone. He did not supervise the loading of the lifeboats and seemingly made no effort to find out if his orders were being followed.[88][90]
The crew was likewise unprepared for the emergency, as lifeboat training had been minimal. Only one lifeboat drill had been conducted while the ship was docked at Southampton. It was a cursory effort, consisting of two boats being lowered, each manned by one officer and four men who merely rowed around the dock for a few minutes before returning to the ship. The boats were supposed to be stocked with emergency supplies, but Titanic's passengers later found that they had only been partially provisioned despite the efforts of the ship's chief baker, Charles Joughin, and his staff to do so.[91] No lifeboat or fire drills had been conducted since Titanic left Southampton.[91] A lifeboat drill had been scheduled for the Sunday morning before the ship sank, but was cancelled for unknown reasons by Captain Smith.[92]
Lists had been posted on the ship assigning crew members to specific lifeboat stations, but few appeared to have read them or to have known what they were supposed to do. Most of the crew were not seamen, and even some of those had no prior experience of rowing a boat. They were now faced with the complex task of coordinating the lowering of 20 boats carrying a possible total of 1,100 people 70 feet (21 m) down the sides of the ship.[82] Thomas E. Bonsall, a historian of the disaster, has commented that the evacuation was so badly organised that 'even if they had the number [of] lifeboats they needed, it is impossible to see how they could have launched them' given the lack of time and poor leadership.[93]
By about 00:20, 40 minutes after the collision, the loading of the lifeboats was under way. Second Officer Lightoller recalled afterwards that he noticed Smith standing near the bridge looking out at the ocean in a trance-like daze. According to Lightoller, 'I yelled at the top of my voice, 'Hadn't we better get the women and children into the boats, sir?' He heard me and nodded reply.'[94] Smith then ordered Lightoller and Murdoch to 'put the women and children in and lower away'.[95] Lightoller took charge of the boats on the port side and Murdoch took charge of those on the starboard side. The two officers interpreted the 'women and children' evacuation order differently; Murdoch took it to mean women and children first, while Lightoller took it to mean women and children only. Lightoller lowered lifeboats with empty seats if there were no women and children waiting to board, while Murdoch allowed a limited number of men to board if all the nearby women and children had embarked.[81]
Neither officer knew how many people could safely be carried in the boats as they were lowered and they both erred on the side of caution by not filling them. They could have been lowered quite safely with their full complement of 68 people, especially with the highly favourable weather and sea conditions.[81] Had this been done, an extra 500 people could have been saved; instead, hundreds of people, predominantly men, were left on board as lifeboats were launched with many seats vacant.[79][93]
Mar 20, 2015 The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth Free Download PC Game Cracked in Direct Link and Torrent. The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth is a randomly generated action RPG shooter with heavy Rogue-like elements. Following Isaac on his journey players will find bizarre treasures that. About the Binding Of Isaac: Rebirth The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth is the ultimate of remakes with an all-new highly efficient game engine (expect 60fps on most PCs), all-new hand-drawn pixel style artwork, highly polished visual effects, all-new soundtrack and audio.
Jan 11, 2017 The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth Free Download Click Here to Download This Game Game Size: 309 MB Password: www.apunkagames.net or apunkagames. Please share with your friends and help us to make best gaming community! We hope your game is working 100% fine because it is our first priority to upload only working and tested games. Double click inside the The Binding Of Isaac: Rebirth folder and run the exe application. Have fun and play! Make sure to run the game as administrator and if you get any missing dll errors, look for a Redist or CommonRedist folder and install all the programs in the folder. The Binding Of Isaac: Rebirth Free Download.
Few passengers at first were willing to board the lifeboats and the officers in charge of the evacuation found it difficult to persuade them. Millionaire John Jacob Astor declared: 'We are safer here than in that little boat.'[96] Some passengers refused flatly to embark. J. Bruce Ismay, realising the urgency of the situation, roamed the starboard boat deck urging passengers and crew to board the boats. A trickle of women, couples and single men were persuaded to board starboard lifeboat No. 7, which became the first lifeboat to be lowered.[96]
Departure of the lifeboats[edit]
Lifeboat 6 under capacity
At 00:45, lifeboat No. 7 was rowed away from Titanic with 28 passengers on board, despite a capacity of 65. Lifeboat No. 6, on the port side, was the next to be lowered at 00:55. It also had 28 people on board, among them the 'unsinkable' Margaret 'Molly' Brown. Lightoller realised there was only one seaman on board (Quartermaster Robert Hichens) and called for volunteers. Major Arthur Godfrey Peuchen of the Royal Canadian Yacht Club stepped forward and climbed down a rope into the lifeboat; he was the only adult male passenger whom Lightoller allowed to board during the port side evacuation.[97] Peuchen's role highlighted a key problem during the evacuation: there were hardly any seamen to man the boats. Some had been sent below to open gangway doors to allow more passengers to be evacuated, but they never returned. They were presumably trapped and drowned by the rising water below decks.[98]
'The Sad Parting', illustration of 1912
Meanwhile, other crewmen fought to maintain vital services as water continued to pour into the ship below decks. The engineers and firemen worked to vent steam from the boilers to prevent them from exploding on contact with the cold water. They re-opened watertight doors in order to set up extra portable pumps in the forward compartments in a futile bid to reduce the torrent, and kept the electrical generators running to maintain lights and power throughout the ship. Steward F. Dent Ray narrowly avoided being swept away when a wooden wall between his quarters and the third-class accommodation on E deck collapsed, leaving him waist-deep in water.[99] Two engineers, Herbert Harvey and Jonathan Shepherd (who had just broken his left leg after falling into a manhole minutes earlier), died in boiler room No. 5 when, at around 00:45, the bunker door separating it from the flooded No. 6 boiler room collapsed and they were swept away by 'a wave of green foam' according to leading fireman Frederick Barrett, who barely escaped from the boiler room.[100]
In boiler room No. 4, at around 01:20, water began flooding in from below, possibly indicating that the bottom of the ship had also been holed by the iceberg. The flow of water soon overwhelmed the pumps and forced the firemen and trimmers to evacuate the forward boiler rooms.[101] Further aft, Chief Engineer William Bell, his engineering colleagues, and a handful of volunteer firemen and greasers stayed behind in the unflooded No. 1, 2 and 3 boiler rooms and in the turbine and reciprocating engine rooms. They continued working on the boilers and the electrical generators in order to keep the ship's lights and pumps operable and to power the radio so that distress signals could be sent.[45] They remained at their posts until the very end, thus ensuring that Titanic's electrics functioned until the final minutes of the sinking. None of the ship's 35 engineers and electricians survived.[102] Neither did any of the Titanic's five postal clerks, who were last seen struggling to save the mail bags they had rescued from the flooded mail room. They were caught by the rising water somewhere on D deck.[103]
Many of the third-class passengers were also confronted with the sight of water pouring into their quarters on E, F and G decks. Carl Jansson, one of the relatively small number of third-class survivors, later recalled:
Then I run down to my cabin to bring my other clothes, watch and bag but only had time to take the watch and coat when water with enormous force came into the cabin and I had to rush up to the deck again where I found my friends standing with lifebelts on and with terror painted on their faces. What should I do now, with no lifebelt and no shoes and no cap?[104]
The lifeboats were lowered every few minutes on each side, but most of the boats were greatly under-filled. No. 5 left with 41 aboard, No. 3 had 32 aboard, No. 8 left with 39[105] and No. 1 left with just 12 out of a capacity of 40.[105] The evacuation did not go smoothly and passengers suffered accidents and injuries as it progressed. One woman fell between lifeboat No. 10 and the side of the ship but someone caught her by the ankle and hauled her back onto the promenade deck, where she made a second successful attempt at boarding.[106] First-class passenger Annie Stengel broke several ribs when an overweight German-American doctor and his brother jumped into No. 5, squashing her and knocking her unconscious.[107][108] The lifeboats' descent was likewise risky. No. 6 was nearly flooded during the descent by water discharging out of the ship's side, but successfully made it away from the ship.[105][109] No. 3 came close to disaster when, for a time, one of the davits jammed, threatening to pitch the passengers out of the lifeboat and into the sea.[110]
Simulated RMS Titanic distress signal, in Morse code. 'SOS SOS CQD CQD – MGY WE ARE SINKING FAST PASSENGERS BEING PUT INTO BOATS – MGY' | |
Problems playing this file? See media help. |
By 01:20, the seriousness of the situation was now apparent to the passengers above decks, who began saying their goodbyes, with husbands escorting their wives and children to the lifeboats. Distress flares were fired every few minutes to attract the attention of any ships nearby and the radio operators repeatedly sent the distress signalCQD. Radio operator Harold Bride suggested to his colleague Jack Phillips that he should use the new SOS signal, as it 'may be your last chance to send it'. The two radio operators contacted other ships to ask for assistance. Several responded, of which RMS Carpathia was the closest, at 58 miles (93 km) away.[111] She was a much slower vessel than Titanic and, even driven at her maximum speed of 17 kn (20 mph; 31 km/h), would have taken four hours to reach the sinking ship.[112] Another to respond was SS Mount Temple, which set a course and headed for Titanic's position but was stopped en route by pack ice.[113]
Much nearer was SS Californian, which had warned Titanic of ice a few hours earlier. Apprehensive at his ship being caught in a large field of drift ice, Californian's captain, Stanley Lord, had decided at about 22:00 to halt for the night and wait for daylight to find a way through the ice field.[114] At 23:30, 10 minutes before Titanic hit the iceberg, Californian's sole radio operator, Cyril Evans, shut his set down for the night and went to bed.[115] On the bridge her Third Officer, Charles Groves, saw a large vessel to starboard around 10 to 12 mi (16 to 19 km) away. It made a sudden turn to port and stopped. If the radio operator of Californian had stayed at his post fifteen minutes longer, hundreds of lives might have been saved.[116] A little over an hour later, Second Officer Herbert Stone saw five white rockets exploding above the stopped ship. Unsure what the rockets meant, he called Captain Lord, who was resting in the chartroom, and reported the sighting.[117] Lord did not act on the report, but Stone was perturbed: 'A ship is not going to fire rockets at sea for nothing,' he told a colleague.[118]
Distress signal sent at about 01:40 by Titanic's radio operator, Jack Phillips, to the Russian American Line ship SS Birma. This was one of Titanic's last intelligible radio messages.
By this time, it was clear to those on Titanic that the ship was indeed sinking and there would not be enough lifeboat places for everyone. Some still clung to the hope that the worst would not happen: Lucien Smith told his wife Eloise, 'It is only a matter of form to have women and children first. The ship is thoroughly equipped and everyone on her will be saved.'[119] Charlotte Collyer's husband Harvey called to his wife as she was put in a lifeboat, 'Go, Lottie! For God's sake, be brave and go! I'll get a seat in another boat!'[119]
Other couples refused to be separated. Ida Straus, the wife of Macy'sdepartment store co-owner and former member of the United States House of RepresentativesIsidor Straus, told her husband: 'We have been living together for many years. Where you go, I go.'[119] They sat down in a pair of deck chairs and waited for the end.[120] The industrialist Benjamin Guggenheim changed out of his life vest and sweater into top hat and evening dress and declared his wish to go down with the ship like a gentleman.[45]
At this point, the vast majority of passengers who had boarded lifeboats were from first- and second-class. Few third-class (steerage) passengers had made it up onto the deck, and most were still lost in the maze of corridors or trapped behind barriers and partitions that segregated the accommodation for the steerage passengers from the first- and second-class areas.[121] This segregation was not simply for social reasons, but was a requirement of United States immigration laws, which mandated that third-class passengers be segregated to control immigration and to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. First- and second-class passengers on transatlantic liners disembarked at the main piers on Manhattan Island, but steerage passengers had to go through health checks and processing at Ellis Island.[122] In at least some places, Titanic's crew appear to have actively hindered the steerage passengers' escape. Some of the barriers were locked and guarded by crew members, apparently to prevent the steerage passengers from rushing the lifeboats.[121] Irish survivor Margaret Murphy wrote in May 1912:
Before all the steerage passengers had even a chance of their lives, the Titanic's sailors fastened the doors and companionways leading up from the third-class section .. A crowd of men was trying to get up to a higher deck and were fighting the sailors; all striking and scuffling and swearing. Women and some children were there praying and crying. Then the sailors fastened down the hatchways leading to the third-class section. They said they wanted to keep the air down there so the vessel could stay up longer. It meant all hope was gone for those still down there.[121]
A long and winding route had to be taken to reach topside; the steerage-class accommodation, located on C through G decks, was at the extreme ends of the decks, and so was the farthest away from the lifeboats. By contrast, the first-class accommodation was located on the upper decks and so was nearest. Proximity to the lifeboats thus became a key factor in determining who got into them. To add to the difficulty, many of the steerage passengers did not understand or speak English. It was perhaps no coincidence that English-speaking Irish immigrants were disproportionately represented among the steerage passengers who survived.[13] Many of those who did survive owed their lives to third-class steward John Edward Hart, who organised three trips into the ship's interior to escort groups of third-class passengers up to the boat deck. Others made their way through open barriers or climbed emergency ladders.[123]
Some, perhaps overwhelmed by it all, made no attempt to escape and stayed in their cabins or congregated in prayer in the third-class dining room.[124] Leading Fireman Charles Hendrickson saw crowds of third-class passengers below decks with their trunks and possessions, as if waiting for someone to direct them.[125] Psychologist Wynn Craig Wade attributes this to 'stoic passivity' produced by generations of being told what to do by social superiors.[103] August Wennerström, one of the male steerage passengers to survive, commented later that many of his companions had made no effort to save themselves. He wrote:
Hundreds were in a circle [in the third-class dining saloon] with a preacher in the middle, praying, crying, asking God and Mary to help them. They lay there and yelled, never lifting a hand to help themselves. They had lost their own will power and expected God to do all the work for them.[126]
Launching of the last lifeboats[edit]
Lifeboat No. 15 was nearly lowered onto lifeboat No. 13 (depicted by Charles Dixon).
By 01:30, Titanic's downward angle in the water was increasing and the ship was now listing slightly more to port, but not more than 5 degrees. The deteriorating situation was reflected in the tone of the messages sent from the ship: 'We are putting the women off in the boats' at 01:25, 'Engine room getting flooded' at 01:35, and at 01:45, 'Engine room full up to boilers.'[127] This was Titanic's last intelligible signal, sent as the ship's electrical system began to fail; subsequent messages were jumbled and broken. The two radio operators nonetheless continued sending out distress messages almost to the very end.[128]
The remaining boats were filled much closer to capacity and in an increasing rush. No. 11 was filled with five people more than its rated capacity. As it was lowered, it was nearly flooded by water being pumped out of the ship. No. 13 narrowly avoided the same problem but those aboard were unable to release the ropes from which the boat had been lowered. It drifted astern, directly under No. 15 as it was being lowered. The ropes were cut in time and both boats made it away safely.[129]
The first signs of panic were seen when a group of passengers attempted to rush port-side lifeboat No. 14 as it was being lowered with 40 people aboard. Fifth Officer Lowe, who was in charge of the boat, fired three warning shots in the air to control the crowd without causing injuries.[130] No. 16 was lowered five minutes later. Among those aboard was stewardess Violet Jessop, who would repeat the experience four years later when she survived the sinking of one of Titanic's sister ships, Britannic, in the First World War.[131] Collapsible boat C was launched at 01:40 from a now largely deserted area of the deck, as most of those on deck had moved to the stern of the ship. It was aboard this boat that White Star chairman and managing director J. Bruce Ismay, Titanic's most controversial survivor, made his escape from the ship, an act later condemned as cowardice.[127]
At 01:45 AM, lifeboat No. 2 was lowered.[132] While it was still at deck level, Lightoller had found the boat occupied by men who, he wrote later, 'weren't British, nor of the English-speaking race .. [but of] the broad category known to sailors as 'dagoes'.'[133] After he evicted them by threatening them with his revolver, he was unable to find enough women and children to fill the boat[133] and lowered it with only 25 people on board out of a possible capacity of 40.[132] John Jacob Astor saw his wife off to safety in No. 4 boat at 01:55 but was refused entry by Lightoller, even though 20 of the 60 seats aboard were unoccupied.[132]
The last boat to be launched was collapsible D, which left at 02:05 with 25 people aboard;[134] two more men jumped on the boat as it was being lowered.[135] The sea had reached the boat deck and the forecastle was deep underwater. First-class passenger Edith Evans gave up her place in the boat, and ultimately died in the disaster. She was one of only four women in first class to perish in the sinking. Captain Smith carried out a final tour of the deck, telling the radio operators and other crew members: 'Now it's every man for himself.'[136]
As passengers and crew headed to the stern, where Father Thomas Byles was hearing confessions and giving absolutions, Titanic's band played outside the gymnasium.[137]Titanic had two separate bands of musicians. One was a quintet led by Wallace Hartley that played after dinner and at religious services while the other was a trio who played in the reception area and outside the café and restaurant. The two bands had separate music libraries and arrangements and had not played together before the sinking. Around 30 minutes after colliding with the iceberg, the two bands were called by Captain Smith who ordered them to play in the first class lounge. Passengers present remember them playing lively tunes such as 'Alexander's Ragtime Band'. It is unknown if the two piano players were with the band at this time. The exact time is unknown, but the musicians later moved to the boat deck level where they played before moving outside onto the deck itself.[138]
Part of the enduring folklore of the Titanic sinking is that the musicians played the hymn 'Nearer, My God, to Thee' as the ship sank, but this appears to be dubious.[139] The claim surfaced among the earliest reports of the sinking,[140] and the hymn became so closely associated with the Titanic disaster that its opening bars were carved on the grave monument of Titanic's bandmaster, Wallace Hartley, one of those who perished.[141] Violet Jessop said in her 1934 account of the disaster that she had heard the hymn being played.[139] In contrast, Archibald Gracie emphatically denied it in his own account, written soon after the sinking, and Radio Operator Harold Bride said that he had heard the band playing ragtime, then 'Autumn',[142] by which he may have meant Archibald Joyce's then-popular waltz 'Songe d'Automne' (Autumn Dream). George Orrell, the bandmaster of the rescue ship, Carpathia, who spoke with survivors, related: 'The ship's band in any emergency is expected to play to calm the passengers. After Titanic struck the iceberg the band began to play bright music, dance music, comic songs – anything that would prevent the passengers from becoming panic-stricken .. various awe-stricken passengers began to think of the death that faced them and asked the bandmaster to play hymns. The one which appealed to all was 'Nearer My God to Thee'.'[143] According to Gracie, who was near the band until that section of deck went under, the tunes played by the band were 'cheerful' but he didn't recognise any of them, claiming that if they had played 'Nearer, My God, to Thee' as claimed in the newspaper 'I assuredly should have noticed it and regarded it as a tactless warning of immediate death to us all and one likely to create panic.'[144] Several survivors who were among the last to leave the ship claimed that the band continued playing until the slope of the deck became too steep for them to stand, Gracie claimed that the band stopped playing at least 30 minutes before the vessel sank. Several witnesses support this account including A. H. Barkworth, a first-class passenger who testified: 'I do not wish to detract from the bravery of anybody, but I might mention that when I first came on deck the band was playing a waltz. The next time I passed where the band was stationed, the members had thrown down their instruments and were not to be seen.'[138]
Bride heard the band playing as he left the radio cabin, which was by now awash, in the company of the other radio operator, Jack Phillips. He had just had a fight with a man who Bride thought was 'a stoker, or someone from below decks', who had attempted to steal Phillips' lifebelt. Bride wrote later: 'I did my duty. I hope I finished [the man]. I don't know. We left him on the cabin floor of the radio room, and he was not moving.'[145] The two radio operators went in opposite directions, Phillips aft and Bride forward towards collapsible lifeboat B.[145]
Archibald Gracie was also heading aft, but as he made his way towards the stern he found his path blocked by 'a mass of humanity several lines deep, covering the boat deck, facing us'[146] – hundreds of steerage passengers, who had finally made it to the deck just as the last lifeboats departed. He gave up on the idea of going aft and jumped into the water to get away from the crowd.[146] Others made no attempt to escape. The ship's designer, Thomas Andrews, was reportedly last seen in the first-class smoking room, having removed his lifebelt, staring at the painting above the fireplace.[131][147] Captain Smith's fate is unclear as there are conflicting accounts of his death; he either entered the wheelhouse on the bridge and died there when it was engulfed[148][149] or jumped into the water just before the bridge was submerged and subsequently perished in the water, possibly near Collapsible B.[150][151][152][153][154]
Last minutes of sinking[edit]
'Nearer, My God, To Thee' – cartoon of 1912
At about 02:15, Titanic's angle in the water began to increase rapidly as water poured into previously unflooded parts of the ship through deck hatches.[71] Her suddenly increasing angle caused what one survivor called a 'giant wave' to wash along the ship from the forward end of the boat deck, sweeping many people into the sea.[155] The parties who were trying to lower collapsible boats A and B, including Chief Officer Henry Wilde, First Officer Murdoch, Second Officer Charles Lightoller and Colonel Archibald Gracie, were swept away along with the two boats (boat B floated away upside-down with Harold Bride trapped underneath it, and boat A ended up partly flooded and with its canvas not raised). Bride, Gracie and Lightoller made it onto boat B, but Murdoch and Wilde perished in the water.[156][157]
Lightoller opted to abandon his post to escape the growing crowds, and dived into the water from the roof of the officers' quarters. He was sucked into the mouth of a ventilation shaft but was blown clear by 'a terrific blast of hot air' and emerged next to the capsized lifeboat.[158] The forward funnel collapsed under its own weight, crushing several people as it fell into the water and only narrowly missing the lifeboat.[159] It closely missed Lightoller and created a wave that washed the boat 50 yards clear of the sinking ship.[158] Those still on Titanic felt her structure shuddering as it underwent immense stresses. As first-class passenger Jack Thayer[160] described it:
Occasionally there had been a muffled thud or deadened explosion within the ship. Now, without warning she seemed to start forward, moving forward and into the water at an angle of about fifteen degrees. This movement with the water rushing up toward us was accompanied by a rumbling roar, mixed with more muffled explosions. It was like standing under a steel railway bridge while an express train passes overhead mingled with the noise of a pressed steel factory and wholesale breakage of china.[161]
Eyewitnesses saw Titanic's stern rising high into the air as the ship tilted down in the water. It was said to have reached an angle of 30–45 degrees,[162] 'revolving apparently around a centre of gravity just astern of midships', as Lawrence Beesley later put it.[163] Many survivors described a great noise, which some attributed to the boilers exploding.[164] Beesley described it as 'partly a groan, partly a rattle, and partly a smash, and it was not a sudden roar as an explosion would be: it went on successively for some seconds, possibly fifteen to twenty'. He attributed it to 'the engines and machinery coming loose from their bolts and bearings, and falling through the compartments, smashing everything in their way'.[163]
After another minute, the ship's lights flickered once and then permanently went out, plunging Titanic into darkness. Jack Thayer recalled seeing 'groups of the fifteen hundred people still aboard, clinging in clusters or bunches, like swarming bees; only to fall in masses, pairs or singly as the great afterpart of the ship, two hundred fifty feet of it, rose into the sky.'[159]
'Sinking of the Titanic' by Henry Reuterdahl
Titanic's final moments[edit]
Titanic was subjected to extreme opposing forces – the flooded bow pulling her down while the air in the stern kept her to the surface – which were concentrated at one of the weakest points in the structure, the area of the engine room hatch. Shortly after the lights went out, the ship split apart. The submerged bow may have remained attached to the stern by the keel for a short time, pulling the stern to a high angle before separating and leaving the stern to float for a few minutes longer. The forward part of the stern would have flooded very rapidly, causing it to tilt and then settle briefly until sinking.[165][166][167] The ship disappeared from view at 02:20, 2 hours and 40 minutes after striking the iceberg. Thayer reported that it rotated on the surface, 'gradually [turning] her deck away from us, as though to hide from our sight the awful spectacle .. Then, with the deadened noise of the bursting of her last few gallant bulkheads, she slid quietly away from us into the sea.'[168]
Titanic's surviving officers and some prominent survivors testified that the ship had sunk in one piece, a belief that was affirmed by the British and American inquiries into the disaster. Archibald Gracie, who was on the promenade deck with the band (by the second funnel), stated that 'Titanic's decks were intact at the time she sank, and when I sank with her, there was over seven-sixteenths of the ship already under water, and there was no indication then of any impending break of the deck or ship'.[169] Ballard argued that many other survivors' accounts indicated that the ship had broken in two as she was sinking.[170] As the engines are now known to have stayed in place along with most of the boilers, the 'great noise' heard by witnesses and the momentary settling of the stern were presumably caused by the break-up of the ship rather than the loosening of her fittings or boiler explosions.[171]
After they went under, the bow and stern took only about 5–6 minutes to sink 3,795 metres (12,451 ft), spilling a trail of heavy machinery, tons of coal and large quantities of debris from Titanic's interior. The two parts of the ship landed about 600 metres (2,000 ft) apart on a gently undulating area of the seabed.[172] The streamlined bow section continued to descend at about the angle it had taken on the surface, striking the seabed prow-first at a shallow angle[173] at an estimated speed of 25–30 mph (40–48 km/h). Its momentum caused it to dig a deep gouge into the seabed and buried the section up to 20 metres (66 ft) deep in sediment before it came to an abrupt halt. The sudden deceleration caused the bow's structure to buckle downwards by several degrees just forward of the bridge. The decks at the rear end of the bow section, which had already been weakened during the break-up, collapsed one atop another.[174]
The stern section seems to have descended almost vertically, probably rotating as it fell.[173] Empty tanks and cofferdams imploded as it descended, tearing open the structure and folding back the steel ribbing of the poop deck.[175] The section landed with such force that it buried itself about 15 metres (49 ft) deep at the rudder. The decks pancaked down on top of each other and the hull plating splayed out to the sides. Debris continued to rain down across the seabed for several hours after the sinking.[174]
Passengers and crew in the water[edit]
Pocket watch retrieved from the wreck site, stopped showing a time of 2:28
In the immediate aftermath of the sinking, hundreds of passengers and crew were left dying in the icy sea, surrounded by debris from the ship. Titanic's disintegration during her descent to the seabed caused buoyant chunks of debris – timber beams, wooden doors, furniture, panelling and chunks of cork from the bulkheads – to rocket to the surface. These injured and possibly killed some of the swimmers; others used the debris to try to keep themselves afloat.[176]
With a temperature of 28 °F (−2 °C), the water was lethally cold. Second Officer Lightoller described the feeling of 'a thousand knives' being driven into his body as he entered the sea.[175] Sudden immersion into freezing water typically causes death within minutes, either from cardiac arrest, uncontrollable breathing of water, or cold incapacitation (not, as commonly believed, from hypothermia);[177] almost all of those in the water died of cardiac arrest or other bodily reactions to freezing water within 15–30 minutes.[178] Only 13 of them were helped into the lifeboats even though these had room for almost 500 more people.[179]
Those in the lifeboats were horrified to hear the sound of what Lawrence Beesley called 'every possible emotion of human fear, despair, agony, fierce resentment and blind anger mingled – I am certain of those – with notes of infinite surprise, as though each one were saying, 'How is it possible that this awful thing is happening to me? That I should be caught in this death trap?''[180]Jack Thayer compared it to the sound of 'locusts on a summer night', while George Rheims, who jumped moments before Titanic sank, described it as 'a dismal moaning sound which I won't ever forget; it came from those poor people who were floating around, calling for help. It was horrifying, mysterious, supernatural.'[181]
The noise of the people in the water screaming, yelling, and crying was a tremendous shock to the occupants of the lifeboats, many of whom had up to that moment believed that everyone had escaped before the ship sank. As Beesley later wrote, the cries 'came as a thunderbolt, unexpected, inconceivable, incredible. No one in any of the boats standing off a few hundred yards away can have escaped the paralysing shock of knowing that so short a distance away a tragedy, unbelievable in its magnitude, was being enacted, which we, helpless, could in no way avert or diminish.'[180]
Colonel Archibald Gracie, one of the survivors who made it to collapsible lifeboat B. He never recovered from his ordeal and died eight months after the sinking.
Only a few of those in the water survived. Among them were Archibald Gracie, Jack Thayer and Charles Lightoller, who made it to the capsized collapsible boat B. Around 12 crew members climbed on board Collapsible B, and they rescued those they could until some 35 men were clinging precariously to the upturned hull. Realising the risk to the boat of being swamped by the mass of swimmers around them, they paddled slowly away, ignoring the pleas of dozens of swimmers to be allowed on board. In his account, Gracie wrote of the admiration he had for those in the water; 'In no instance, I am happy to say, did I hear any word of rebuke from a swimmer because of a refusal to grant assistance.. [one refusal] was met with the manly voice of a powerful man.. 'All right boys, good luck and God bless you'.'[182] Several other swimmers (probably 20 or more) reached Collapsible boat A, which was upright but partly flooded, as its sides had not been properly raised. Its occupants had to sit for hours in a foot of freezing water,[148] and many died of hypothermia during the night.
Farther out, the other eighteen lifeboats – most of which had empty seats – drifted as the occupants debated what, if anything, they should do to rescue the swimmers. Boat No. 4, having remained near the sinking ship, seems to have been closest to the site of the sinking at around 50 metres (160 ft) away; this had enabled two people to drop into the boat and another to be picked up from the water before the ship sank.[183] After the sinking, seven more men were pulled from the water, although two later died. Collapsible D rescued one male passenger who jumped in the water and swam over to the boat immediately after it had been lowered. In all the other boats, the occupants eventually decided against returning, probably out of fear that they would be capsized in the attempt. Some put their objections bluntly; Quartermaster Hichens, commanding lifeboat No. 6, told the women aboard his boat that there was no point returning as there were 'only a lot of stiffs there'.[184]
After about twenty minutes, the cries began to fade as the swimmers lapsed into unconsciousness and death.[185] Fifth Officer Lowe, in charge of lifeboat No. 14, 'waited until the yells and shrieks had subsided for the people to thin out' before mounting an attempt to rescue those in the water.[186] He gathered together five of the lifeboats and transferred the occupants between them to free up space in No. 14. Lowe then took a crew of seven crewmen and one male passenger who volunteered to help, and then rowed back to the site of the sinking. The whole operation took about three-quarters of an hour. By the time No. 14 headed back to the site of the sinking, almost all of those in the water were dead and only a few voices could still be heard.[187]
Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon, recalled after the disaster that 'the very last cry was that of a man who had been calling loudly: 'My God! My God!' He cried monotonously, in a dull, hopeless way. For an entire hour there had been an awful chorus of shrieks, gradually dying into a hopeless moan, until this last cry that I speak of. Then all was silent.'[188] Lowe and his crew found four men still alive, one of whom died shortly afterwards. Otherwise, all they could see were 'hundreds of bodies and lifebelts'; the dead 'seemed as if they had perished with the cold as their limbs were all cramped up'.[186]
In the other boats, there was nothing the survivors could do but await the arrival of rescue ships. The air was bitterly cold and several of the boats had taken on water. The survivors could not find any food or drinkable water in the boats, and most had no lights.[189] The situation was particularly bad aboard collapsible B, which was only kept afloat by a diminishing air pocket in the upturned hull. As dawn approached, the wind rose and the sea became increasingly choppy, forcing those on the collapsible boat to stand up to balance it. Some, exhausted by the ordeal, fell off into the sea and were drowned.[190] It became steadily harder for the rest to keep their balance on the hull, with waves washing across it.[191] Archibald Gracie later wrote of how he and the other survivors sitting on the upturned hull were struck by 'the utter helplessness of our position'.[192]
Rescue and departure[edit]
Collapsible lifeboat D photographed from the deck of Carpathia on the morning of 15 April 1912.
Titanic's survivors were rescued around 04:00 on 15 April by the RMS Carpathia, which had steamed through the night at high speed and at considerable risk, as the ship had to dodge numerous icebergs en route.[191]Carpathia's lights were first spotted around 03:30,[191] which greatly cheered the survivors, though it took several more hours for everyone to be brought aboard. The 30 or more men on collapsible B finally managed to board two other lifeboats, but one survivor died just before the transfer was made.[193] Collapsible A was also in trouble and was now nearly awash; many of those aboard (maybe more than half) had died overnight.[175] The remaining survivors – an unknown number of men, estimated to be between 10–11 and more than 20, and one woman – were transferred from A into another lifeboat, leaving behind three bodies in the boat, which was left to drift away. It was recovered a month later by the White Star liner RMS Oceanic with the bodies still aboard.[193]
Those on Carpathia were startled by the scene that greeted them as the sun rose: 'fields of ice on which, like points on the landscape, rested innumerable pyramids of ice.'[194] Captain Arthur Rostron of Carpathia saw ice all around, including 20 large bergs measuring up to 200 feet (61 m) high and numerous smaller bergs, as well as ice floes and debris from Titanic.[194] It appeared to Carpathia's passengers that their ship was in the middle of a vast white plain of ice, studded with icebergs appearing like hills in the distance.[195]
As the lifeboats were brought alongside Carpathia, the survivors came aboard the ship by various means. Some were strong enough to climb up rope ladders; others were hoisted up in slings, and the children were hoisted in mail sacks.[196] The last lifeboat to reach the ship was Lightoller's boat No. 12, with 74 people aboard a boat designed to carry 65. They were all on Carpathia by 09:00.[197] There were some scenes of joy as families and friends were reunited, but in most cases hopes died as loved ones failed to reappear.[198]
At 09:15, two more ships appeared on the scene – Mount Temple and Californian, which had finally learned of the disaster when her radio operator returned to duty – but by then there were no more survivors to rescue. Carpathia had been bound for Fiume, Austria-Hungary (now Rijeka, Croatia), but as she had neither the stores nor the medical facilities to cater for the survivors, Rostron ordered that a course be calculated to return the ship to New York, where the survivors could be properly looked after.[197]Carpathia departed the area, leaving the other ships to carry out a final, fruitless, two-hour search.[199][200]
Aftermath[edit]
Grief and outrage[edit]
According to an eyewitness report, there 'were many pathetic scenes' when Titanic's survivors disembarked at New York.
London paperboy outside the White Star Line offices
When Carpathia arrived at Pier 54 in New York on the evening of 18 April after a difficult voyage through pack ice, fog, thunderstorms and rough seas,[201][202] some 40,000 people were standing on the wharves, alerted to the disaster by a stream of radio messages from Carpathia and other ships. It was only after Carpathia docked – three days after Titanic's sinking – that the full scope of the disaster became public knowledge.[202]
Even before Carpathia arrived in New York, efforts were getting underway to retrieve the dead. Four ships chartered by the White Star Line succeeded in retrieving 328 bodies; 119 were buried at sea, while the remaining 209 were brought ashore to the Canadian port of Halifax, Nova Scotia,[201] where 150 of them were buried.[203] Memorials were raised in various places – New York, Washington, Southampton, Liverpool, Belfast and Lichfield, among others[204] – and ceremonies were held on both sides of the Atlantic to commemorate the dead and raise funds to aid the survivors.[205] The bodies of most of Titanic's victims were never recovered, and the only evidence of their deaths was found 73 years later among the debris on the seabed: pairs of shoes lying side by side, where bodies had once lain before eventually decomposing.[45]
The prevailing public reaction to the disaster was one of shock and outrage, directed against several issues and people: why were there so few lifeboats? Why had Ismay saved his own life when so many others died? Why did Titanic proceed into the ice field at full speed?[206] The outrage was driven not least by the survivors themselves; even while they were aboard Carpathia on their way to New York, Beesley and other survivors determined to 'awaken public opinion to safeguard ocean travel in the future' and wrote a public letter to The Times urging changes to maritime safety laws.[207]
In places closely associated with Titanic, the sense of grief was deep. The heaviest losses were in Southampton, home port to 699 crew members and also home to many of the passengers.[208] Crowds of weeping women – the wives, sisters and mothers of crew – gathered outside the White Star offices in Southampton for news of their loved ones.[209] Most of them were among the 549 Southampton residents who perished.[210] In Belfast, churches were packed, and shipyard workers wept in the streets. The ship had been a symbol of Belfast's industrial achievements, and there was not only a sense of grief but also one of guilt, as those who had built Titanic came to feel they had been responsible in some way for her loss.[211]
Public inquiries and legislation[edit]
'Time to get busy' by 'Fisher', 1912. Public outrage at the disaster led politicians to impose new regulations on the shipping industry.
In the aftermath of the sinking, public inquiries were set up in Britain and the United States. The US inquiry began on 19 April under the chairmanship of SenatorWilliam Alden Smith,[212] and the British inquiry commenced in London under Lord Mersey on 2 May 1912.[213] They reached broadly similar conclusions: the regulations on the number of lifeboats that ships had to carry were out of date and inadequate;[214] Captain Smith had failed to take proper heed of ice warnings;[215] the lifeboats had not been properly filled or crewed; and the collision was the direct result of steaming into a danger area at too high a speed.[214] Both inquiries strongly criticised Captain Lord of Californian for failing to render assistance to Titanic.[216]
Neither inquiry found negligence by the parent company, International Mercantile Marine Co., or the White Star Line (which owned Titanic) to be a factor. The US inquiry concluded that those involved had followed standard practice, and the disaster could thus only be categorised as an 'act of God',[217] and the British inquiry concluded that Smith had followed long-standing practice which had not previously been shown to be unsafe[218] (the inquiry noted that British ships alone had carried 3.5 million passengers over the previous decade with the loss of just 73 lives[219]) and concluded that he had done 'only that which other skilled men would have done in the same position'. The British inquiry also warned that 'What was a mistake in the case of the Titanic would without doubt be negligence in any similar case in the future.'[218]
The disaster led to major changes in maritime regulations to implement new safety measures, such as ensuring that more lifeboats were provided, that lifeboat drills were properly carried out and that radio equipment on passenger ships was manned around the clock.[220] An International Ice Patrol was set up to monitor the presence of icebergs in the North Atlantic, and maritime safety regulations were harmonised internationally through the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS); both measures are still in force today.[221]
Cultural impact and wreckage[edit]
Wreck of the Titanic, June 2004
Titanic's sinking has become a cultural phenomenon, commemorated by artists, film-makers, writers, composers, musicians and dancers from the time immediately after the sinking to the present day.[222] On 1 September 1985, a joint US-French expedition led by Robert Ballard found the wreck of Titanic,[223] and the ship's rediscovery led to an explosion of interest in Titanic's story.[224] Numerous expeditions have been launched to film the wreck and, controversially, to salvage objects from the debris field.[221] The first major exhibition of recovered artefacts was held at London's National Maritime Museum in 1994–95.[225] In 1997, James Cameron's eponymous film became the first movie ever to take $1 billion at the box office, and the film's soundtrack became the best selling soundtrack recording of all time.[226]
The wreck is steadily decaying, turning to oxide at a rate of 0.5–1 ton per day (assuming one ten-thousandth of an inch per day on all surfaces).[227] Eventually Titanic's structure will collapse, and she will be reduced to a patch of rust on the seabed, with any remaining scraps of the ship's hull mingled with her more durable fittings, like the propellers, bronze capstans, compasses and the telemotor.[228]
Casualties and survivors[edit]
The number of casualties of the sinking is unclear due to several factors, including confusion over the passenger list, which included some names of people who cancelled their trip at the last minute, and the fact that several passengers travelled under aliases for various reasons and were double-counted on the casualty lists.[229] The death toll has been put at between 1,490 and 1,635 people.[230] The figures below are from the British Board of Trade report on the disaster.[231]
Passengers | Category | Number aboard | Percentage by total onboard | Number saved | Number lost | Percentage saved | Percentage lost | Percentage saved by total onboard | Percentage lost by total onboard |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Children | First Class | 6 | 0.3% | 5 | 1 | 83% | 17% | 0.2% | 0.04% |
Second Class | 24 | 1.1% | 24 | 0 | 100% | 0% | 1.1% | 0% | |
Third Class | 79 | 3.6% | 27 | 52 | 34% | 66% | 1.2% | 2.4% | |
Total | 109 | 4.9% | 56 | 53 | 51% | 49% | 2.5% | 2.4% | |
Women | First Class | 144 | 6.5% | 140 | 4 | 97% | 3% | 6.3% | 0.2% |
Second Class | 93 | 4.2% | 80 | 13 | 86% | 14% | 3.6% | 0.6% | |
Third Class | 165 | 7.4% | 76 | 89 | 46% | 54% | 3.4% | 4.0% | |
Crew | 23 | 1.0% | 20 | 3 | 87% | 13% | 0.9% | 0.1% | |
Total | 425 | 19.1% | 316 | 109 | 74% | 26% | 14.2% | 4.9% | |
Men | First Class | 175 | 7.9% | 57 | 118 | 33% | 67% | 2.6% | 5.3% |
Second Class | 168 | 7.6% | 14 | 154 | 8% | 92% | 0.6% | 6.9% | |
Third Class | 462 | 20.8% | 75 | 387 | 16% | 84% | 3.3% | 17.4% | |
Crew | 885 | 39.8% | 192 | 693 | 22% | 78% | 8.6% | 31.2% | |
Total | 1,690 | 75.9% | 338 | 1,352 | 20% | 80% | 15.2% | 60.8% | |
Total | All | 2,224 | 100% | 710 | 1,514 | 32% | 68% | 31.9% | 68.1% |
Treemap showing numbers of passengers and crew by class, and whether men, women or children, and whether saved or lost
Less than a third of those aboard Titanic survived the disaster. Some survivors died shortly afterwards; injuries and the effects of exposure caused the deaths of several of those brought aboard Carpathia.[232] Of the groups shown in the table, 49 percent of the children, 26 percent of the female passengers, 82 percent of the male passengers and 78 percent of the crew died. The figures show stark differences in the survival rates between men and women, and of the different classes aboard Titanic, especially among women and children. Although less than 10 percent of first- and second-class women (combined) were lost, 54 percent of those in third class died. Similarly, five of six first-class and all second-class children survived, but 52 of the 79 in third class perished.[233] The only first-class child to perish was Loraine Allison, aged two.[234] Proportionately, the heaviest losses were suffered by the second-class men, of whom 92 percent died. Of the pets brought aboard, three survived the sinking.[235]
Notes[edit]
- ^ abAt the time of the collision, Titanic's clocks were set to 2 hours 2 minutes ahead of the Eastern Time Zone, and 2 hours 58 minutes behind Greenwich Mean Time. The ship's time had been set at midnight, 13–14 April 1912, and was based on the expected position of Titanic at local apparent noon on 14 April, which in turn was based on the star sights of the evening of 13 April, adjusted by dead reckoning. Due to the unfolding disaster, Titanic's clocks were not adjusted at midnight of 14–15 April.[1]
- ^The third was to be the RMS Britannic which never saw service as a liner; instead she was requisitioned directly into service as His Majesty's Hospital Ship (HMHS) Britannic (during WWI).
- ^Radio telegraphy was known as 'wireless' in the British English of the period.
- ^ ab The dictionary definition of growler at Wiktionary: 'A small iceberg or ice floe which is barely visible over the surface of the water.'
- ^Despite later myth, featured for example in the 1997 film Titanic, the ship Titanic was not attempting to set a transatlantic speed record; the White Star Line had made a conscious decision not to compete with their rivals Cunard on speed, but instead to focus on size and luxury.[25]
- ^An incident confirmed this philosophy while Titanic was under construction: the White Star liner Republic was involved in a collision and sank. Even though she did not have enough lifeboats for all passengers, they were all saved because the ship was able to stay afloat long enough for them to be ferried to ships coming to assist.[85]
References[edit]
- ^Halpern 2011, p. 78.
- ^Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011, p. 37.
- ^ abButler 1998, p. 10.
- ^ abButler 1998, pp. 16–20.
- ^ abFederal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project. 'Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–'. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
- ^Bartlett 2011, p. 67.
- ^Bartlett 2011, p. 71.
- ^Bartlett 2011, p. 76.
- ^Bartlett 2011, p. 77.
- ^ abButler 1998, p. 238.
- ^Lord 1987, p. 83.
- ^Butler 1998, pp. 27–28.
- ^ abHowells 1999, p. 95.
- ^Bartlett 2011, pp. 43–44.
- ^Bartlett 2011, p. 49.
- ^Ryan 1985, p. 8.
- ^Fire Down Below – by Samuel Halpern. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
- ^Halpern & Weeks 2011, pp. 122–26.
- ^Halpern 2011, p. 80.
- ^ abBallard 1987, p. 199.
- ^ abcRyan 1985, p. 9.
- ^ abcBarczewski 2006, p. 191.
- ^ abcdRyan 1985, p. 10.
- ^ abRyan 1985, p. 11.
- ^Bartlett 2011, p. 24.
- ^Mowbray 1912, p. 278.
- ^Barczewski 2006, p. 13.
- ^Gracie 1913, p. 247.
- ^Halpern 2011, p. 85.
- ^Eaton & Haas 1987, p. 19.
- ^ abBrown 2000, p. 47.
- ^Barratt 2010, p. 122.
- ^Broad, William J. (9 April 2012). 'A New Look at Nature's Role in the Titanic's Sinking'. The New York Times. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
- ^'Where Is Iceberg Alley'. U.S. Coast Guard Navigation Center. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
- ^Lord 2005, p. 2.
- ^Eaton & Haas 1994, p. 137.
- ^Brown 2000, p. 67.
- ^Barczewski 2006, p. 194.
- ^Peter, Stanford (21 September 2010). 'The truth about the sinking of the Titanic'. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 4 July 2016. In a review of Patten, Louise (2010). Good as Gold. Quercus Publishing.
- ^Halpern & Weeks 2011, p. 100.
- ^Halpern 2011, p. 94.
- ^Hoffman & Grimm 1982, p. 20.
- ^ ab'Testimony of Edward Wilding'. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
- ^ abBroad 1997.
- ^ abcdBallard 1987, p. 25.
- ^Zumdahl & Zumdahl 2008, p. 457.
- ^Materials Today, 2008.
- ^McCarty & Foecke 2012, p. 83.
- ^Broad 2008.
- ^Verhoeven 2007, p. 49.
- ^ abEwers 2008.
- ^Mills 1993, p. 46.
- ^'Testimony of Mrs J Stuart White at the US Inquiry'. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
- ^Butler 1998, pp. 67–69.
- ^Barratt 2010, p. 151.
- ^Barratt 2010, p. 156.
- ^Aldridge 2008, p. 86.
- ^Ballard 1987, p. 71.
- ^Barczewski 2006, p. 18.
- ^ abcMersey 1912.
- ^ abcBallard 1987, p. 22.
- ^Barczewski 2006, p. 147.
- ^ abButler 1998, p. 71.
- ^Butler 1998, p. 72.
- ^Halpern & Weeks 2011, p. 112.
- ^Barczewski 2006, p. 148.
- ^Halpern & Weeks 2011, p. 106.
- ^Halpern & Weeks 2011, p. 116.
- ^ abHalpern & Weeks 2011, p. 118.
- ^Halpern & Weeks 2011, p. 109.
- ^ abBarratt 2010, p. 131.
- ^Bartlett 2011, p. 120.
- ^Bartlett 2011, pp. 118–119.
- ^ abcdBarczewski 2006, p. 20.
- ^Bartlett 2011, p. 121.
- ^Bartlett 2011, p. 126.
- ^Bartlett 2011, p. 116.
- ^Beesley 1960, pp. 32–33.
- ^ abBartlett 2011, p. 124.
- ^Lord 1987, p. 90.
- ^ abcBarczewski 2006, p. 21.
- ^ abBartlett 2011, p. 123.
- ^Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011, p. 112.
- ^Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011, p. 116.
- ^Chirnside 2004, p. 29.
- ^Bartlett 2011, p. 30.
- ^Marshall 1912, p. 141.
- ^ abButler 1998, pp. 250–252.
- ^Bartlett 2011, p. 106.
- ^Cox 1999, pp. 50–52.
- ^ abMowbray 1912, p. 279.
- ^Aldridge 2008, p. 47.
- ^ abCox 1999, p. 52.
- ^Gleicher 2006, p. 65.
- ^Lord 2005, p. 37.
- ^ abLord 1976, pp. 73–74.
- ^Lord 1976, p. 87.
- ^Bartlett 2011, p. 150.
- ^Lord 1976, p. 78.
- ^Halpern & Weeks 2011, p. 126.
- ^Lord 1976, p. 76.
- ^Butler 1998, p. 226.
- ^ abButler 1998, p. 225.
- ^Gleicher 2006, p. 40.
- ^ abcBallard 1987, p. 24.
- ^Lord 1976, p. 90.
- ^Bartlett 2011, p. 147.
- ^Eaton & Haas 1994, p. 150.
- ^Bartlett 2011, p. 145.
- ^Bartlett 2011, p. 152.
- ^Butler 1998, p. 98.
- ^Butler 1998, p. 113.
- ^'Testimony of Henry James Moore at the US Inquiry'. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
- ^Butler 1998, p. 159.
- ^Butler 1998, p. 161.
- ^Butler 1998, p. 160.
- ^Butler 1998, p. 162.
- ^Butler 1998, p. 163.
- ^ abcLord 1976, p. 84.
- ^Lord 1976, p. 85.
- ^ abcBarczewski 2006, p. 284.
- ^Howells 1999, p. 96.
- ^Lord 1976, pp. 91–95.
- ^Lord 1976, p. 97.
- ^Bartlett 2011, p. 131.
- ^Gittins, Akers-Jordan & Behe 2011, p. 167.
- ^ abBallard 1987, p. 26.
- ^Regal 2005, p. 34.
- ^Eaton & Haas 1994, p. 153.
- ^Eaton & Haas 1994, p. 154.
- ^ abEaton & Haas 1994, p. 155.
- ^ abcBallard 1987, p. 222.
- ^ abWinocour 1960, p. 296.
- ^'Testimony of Arthur Bright'. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
- ^'Testimony of Hugh Woolner'. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
- ^Butler 1998, p. 130.
- ^Butler 1998, p. 135.
- ^ abBarczewski, Stephanie (2006). Titanic: A Night Remembered. A&C Black. pp. 132–33. ISBN9781852855000.
- ^ abHowells 1999, p. 128.
- ^Howells 1999, p. 129.
- ^Richards 2001, p. 395.
- ^Richards 2001, p. 396.
- ^Turner 2011, p. 194.
- ^Gracie 1913, p. 20.
- ^ abWinocour 1960, p. 317.
- ^ abWinocour 1960, pp. 138–39.
- ^Chirnside 2004, p. 177.
- ^ abBartlett 2011, p. 224.
- ^Ballard 1987, pp. 40–41.
- ^'Testimony of Harold Bride at the US Inquiry'. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
- ^'Mrs. Eleanor Widener, first class passenger'. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
- ^'Shots in the dark'. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
- ^'Captain Edward John Smith'. Archived from the original on 22 August 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
- ^Lord, Walter (6 March 2012). A Night to Remember. ISBN9781453238417. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
- ^Lynch 1998, p. 117.
- ^Gracie 1913, p. 61.
- ^Winocour 1960, p. 316.
- ^ abWinocour 1960, p. 299.
- ^ abBarczewski 2006, p. 28.
- ^Lord 2005, p. 166.
- ^Gleicher 2006, p. 229.
- ^Ballard 1987, p. 202.
- ^ abBeesley 1960, p. 47.
- ^Mowbray 1912, p. 70.
- ^Halpern & Weeks 2011, p. 119.
- ^Barczewski 2006, p. 29.
- ^'Titanic Sinking CGI'. National Geographic Channel. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
- ^Ballard 1987, p. 29.
- ^Gracie 1913, p. 58.
- ^Ballard 1987, p. 201.
- ^Kuntz 1998, p. xiii.
- ^Uchupi, Ballard & Lange 1986.
- ^ abBallard 1987, p. 206.
- ^ abBallard 1987, p. 205.
- ^ abcButler 1998, p. 140.
- ^Butler 1998, p. 139.
- ^Findings: Titanic victims in 'cold shock', quoting Michael Tipton
- ^Aldridge 2008, p. 56.
- ^Lord 2005, p. 103.
- ^ abBarratt 2010, pp. 199–200.
- ^Barratt 2010, p. 177.
- ^Gracie 1913, p. 89.
- ^'Testimony of Thomas Ranger'. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
- ^Bartlett 2011, pp. 226–67.
- ^Bartlett 2011, p. 228.
- ^ abBartlett 2011, p. 230.
- ^Butler 1998, pp. 144–45.
- ^Everett 1912, p. 167.
- ^Bartlett 2011, p. 232.
- ^Bartlett 2011, p. 231.
- ^ abcBartlett 2011, p. 238.
- ^Gracie 1913, p. 161.
- ^ abBartlett 2011, pp. 240–41.
- ^ abBartlett 2011, p. 242.
- ^Bartlett 2011, p. 245.
- ^Butler 1998, p. 154.
- ^ abButler 1998, p. 156.
- ^Butler 1998, p. 155.
- ^Butler 1998, p. 157.
- ^Bartlett 2011, p. 255.
- ^ abBartlett 2011, p. 266.
- ^ abLord 1976, pp. 196–97.
- ^Eaton & Haas 1994, p. 235.
- ^Eaton & Haas 1994, pp. 296–300.
- ^Eaton & Haas 1994, pp. 293–95.
- ^Björkfors 2004, p. 59.
- ^Beesley 1960, p. 81.
- ^Barczewski 2006, p. 266.
- ^Butler 1998, p. 173.
- ^Bartlett 2011, p. 264.
- ^Barczewski 2006, pp. 221–22.
- ^Butler 1998, p. 181.
- ^Butler 1998, p. 192.
- ^ abButler 1998, p. 195.
- ^Butler 1998, p. 189.
- ^Butler 1998, pp. 191, 196.
- ^Barczewski 2006, p. 67.
- ^ abLynch 1998, p. 189.
- ^Eaton & Haas 1994, p. 265.
- ^Eaton & Haas 1987, p. 109.
- ^ abEaton & Haas 1994, p. 310.
- ^Foster 1997, p. 14.
- ^Ballard 1987, p. 82.
- ^Bartlett 2011, p. 332.
- ^Portman 12 November 1994.
- ^Parisi 1998, p. 223.
- ^McCarty & Foecke 2012, pp. 196–99.
- ^Butler 1998, p. 235.
- ^Butler 1998, p. 239.
- ^Lord 1976, p. 197.
- ^Mersey 1912, pp. 110–11.
- ^Eaton & Haas 1994, p. 179.
- ^Howells 1999, p. 94.
- ^Copping, Jasper (19 January 2014). 'Lost child of the Titanic and the fraud that haunted her family'. The Telegraph. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
- ^Georgiou 2000, p. 18.
Bibliography[edit]
Books[edit]
- Aldridge, Rebecca (2008). The Sinking of the Titanic. New York: Infobase Publishing. ISBN978-0-7910-9643-7.
- Ballard, Robert D. (1987). The Discovery of the Titanic. New York: Warner Books. ISBN978-0-446-51385-2.
- Barczewski, Stephanie (2006). Titanic: A Night Remembered. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN978-1-85285-500-0.
- Barratt, Nick (2010). Lost Voices From the Titanic: The Definitive Oral History. London: Random House. ISBN978-1-84809-151-1.
- Bartlett, W.B. (2011). Titanic: 9 Hours to Hell, the Survivors' Story. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Amberley Publishing. ISBN978-1-4456-0482-4.
- Beesley, Lawrence (1960) [1912]. 'The Loss of the SS. Titanic; its Story and its Lessons'. The Story of the Titanic as told by its Survivors. London: Dover Publications. ISBN978-0-486-20610-3.
- Björkfors, Peter (2004). 'The Titanic Disaster and Images of National Identity in Scandinavian Literature'. In Bergfelder, Tim; Street, Sarah (eds.). The Titanic in myth and memory: representations in visual and literary culture. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN978-1-85043-431-3.
- Brown, David G. (2000). The Last Log of the Titanic. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN978-0-07-136447-8.
- Butler, Daniel Allen (1998). Unsinkable: The Full Story of RMS Titanic. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. ISBN978-0-8117-1814-1.
- Chirnside, Mark (2004). The Olympic-class ships : Olympic, Titanic, Britannic. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus. ISBN978-0-7524-2868-0.
- Cox, Stephen (1999). The Titanic Story: Hard Choices, Dangerous Decisions. Chicago: Open Court Publishing. ISBN978-0-8126-9396-6.
- Eaton, John P.; Haas, Charles A. (1987). Titanic: Destination Disaster: The Legends and the Reality. Wellingborough, Northamptonshire: Patrick Stephens. ISBN978-0-85059-868-1.
- Eaton, John P.; Haas, Charles A. (1994). Titanic: Triumph and Tragedy. Wellingborough, Northamptonshire: Patrick Stephens. ISBN978-1-85260-493-6.
- Everett, Marshall (1912). Wreck and Sinking of the Titanic. Chicago: Homewood Press. OCLC558974511.
- Foster, John Wilson (1997). The Titanic Complex. Vancouver: Belcouver Press. ISBN978-0-9699464-1-0.
- Georgiou, Ioannis (2000). 'The Animals on board the Titanic'. Atlantic Daily Bulletin. Southampton: British Titanic Society. ISSN0965-6391.
- Gittins, Dave; Akers-Jordan, Cathy; Behe, George (2011). 'Too Few Boats, Too Many Hindrances'. In Halpern, Samuel (ed.). Report into the Loss of the SS Titanic: A Centennial Reappraisal. Stroud, Gloucestershire: The History Press. ISBN978-0-7524-6210-3.
- Gleicher, David (2006). The Rescue of the Third Class on the Titanic: A Revisionist History. Research in Maritime History, No. 31. St. John's, Newfoundland: International Maritime Economic History Association. ISBN978-0-9738934-1-0.
- Gracie, Archibald (1913). The Truth about the Titanic. New York: M. Kennerley.
- Also published as: Gracie, Archibald (2009). Titanic: A Survivor's Story. The History Press. ISBN978-0-7509-4702-2.
- Halpern, Samuel (2011). 'Account of the Ship's Journey Across the Atlantic'. In Halpern, Samuel (ed.). Report into the Loss of the SS Titanic: A Centennial Reappraisal. Stroud, Gloucestershire: The History Press. ISBN978-0-7524-6210-3.
- Halpern, Samuel; Weeks, Charles (2011). 'Description of the Damage to the Ship'. In Halpern, Samuel (ed.). Report into the Loss of the SS Titanic: A Centennial Reappraisal. Stroud, Gloucestershire: The History Press. ISBN978-0-7524-6210-3.
- Hoffman, William; Grimm, Jack (1982). Beyond Reach: The Search For The Titanic. New York: Beaufort Books. ISBN978-0-8253-0105-6.
- Howells, Richard Parton (1999). The Myth of the Titanic. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN978-0-312-22148-5.
- Hutchings, David F.; de Kerbrech, Richard P. (2011). RMS Titanic 1909–12 (Olympic Class): Owners' Workshop Manual. Sparkford, Somerset: Haynes. ISBN978-1-84425-662-4.
- Kuntz, Tom (1998). The Titanic Disaster Hearings. New York: Pocket Book. ISBN978-1-56865-748-6.
- Lord, Walter (1976). A Night to Remember. London: Penguin Books. ISBN978-0-14-004757-8.
- Lord, Walter (2005) [1955]. A Night to Remember. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN978-0-8050-7764-3.
- Lord, Walter (1987). The Night Lives On. London: Penguin Books. ISBN978-0-670-81452-7.
- Lynch, Donald (1998). Titanic: An Illustrated History. New York: Hyperion. ISBN978-0-786-86401-0.
- Marcus, Geoffrey (1969). The Maiden Voyage. New York: Viking Press. ISBN978-0-670-45099-2.
- Marshall, Logan (1912). Sinking of the Titanic and Great Sea Disasters. Philadelphia: The John C. Winston Co. OCLC1328882.
- McCarty, Jennifer Hooper; Foecke, Tim (2012) [2008]. What Really Sank The Titanic – New Forensic Evidence. New York: Citadel. ISBN978-0-8065-2895-3.
- Mills, Simon (1993). RMS Olympic – The Old Reliable. Dorset: Waterfront Publications. ISBN0-946184-79-8.
- Mowbray, Jay Henry (1912). Sinking of the Titanic. Harrisburg, PA: The Minter Company. OCLC9176732.
- Parisi, Paula (1998). Titanic and the Making of James Cameron. New York: Newmarket Press. ISBN978-1-55704-364-1.
- Regal, Brian (2005). Radio: The Life Story of a Technology. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN978-0-313-33167-1.
- Richards, Jeffrey (2001). Imperialism and Music: Britain, 1876–1953. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN978-0-7190-6143-1.
- Turner, Steve (2011). The Band that Played On. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson. ISBN978-1-59555-219-8.
- Verhoeven, John D. (2007). Steel Metallurgy for the Non-Metallurgist. Materials Park, OH: ASM International. ISBN978-0-87170-858-8.
- Winocour, Jack, ed. (1960). The Story of the Titanic as told by its Survivors. London: Dover Publications. ISBN978-0-486-20610-3.
- Zumdahl, Steven S.; Zumdahl, Susan A. (2008). Chemistry. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. ISBN978-0-547-12532-9.
Journal articles[edit]
- Foecke, Tim (26 September 2008). 'What really sank the Titanic?'. Materials Today. Elsevier. 11 (10): 48. doi:10.1016/s1369-7021(08)70224-4. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- Maltin, Tim (March 2012). 'Did the Titanic Sink Because of an Optical Illusion?'. Smithsonian. Smithsonian Institution.
- Ryan, Paul R. (Winter 1985–1986). 'The Titanic Tale'. Oceanus. Woods Hole, MA: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. 4 (28).
- Uchupi, Elazar; Ballard, Robert D.; Lange, William N. (Fall 1986). 'Resting in Pieces: New Evidence About Titanic's Final Moments'. Oceanus. Woods Hole, MA: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. 29 (3): 53–60.
News reports[edit]
- Broad, William J. (8 April 1997). 'Toppling Theories, Scientists Find 6 Slits, Not Big Gash, Sank Titanic'. The New York Times. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
- Broad, William J. (15 April 2008). 'In Weak Rivets, a Possible Key to Titanic's Doom'. The New York Times. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
- Ewers, Justin (25 September 2008). 'The Secret of How the Titanic Sank'. U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
Investigations[edit]
- 'Passenger List and Survivors of Steamship Titanic'. United States Senate Inquiry. 30 July 1912. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
- Mersey, Lord (1999) [1912]. The Loss of the Titanic, 1912. The Stationery Office. ISBN978-0-11-702403-8.
- Portman, Jamie (12 November 1994). 'U.K. Titanic exhibit an off-season draw'. The Toronto Star.
- 'Report on the Loss of the 'Titanic.' (s.s.)'. British Wreck Commissioner's Inquiry. 30 July 1912. Archived from the original on 22 August 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
- 'Report on the Loss of the 'Titanic.' (s.s.)'. British Wreck Commissioner's Inquiry, Final Report (Watertight Compartments). 30 July 1912. Archived from the original on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
- 'Report on the Loss of the 'Titanic.' (s.s.)'. British Wreck Commissioner's Inquiry, Final Report (Description of Damage). 30 July 1912. Archived from the original on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sinking of the RMS Titanic. |
Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
- TimesMachine browser – The New York Times, Tuesday, 16 April 1912
- Full-length animation of the Titanic sinking on YouTube
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinking_of_the_RMS_Titanic&oldid=903525059'
The Titanic had ten decks, each with its own purpose. Where do you want to go aboard the Titanic? The Grand Staircase? The Turkish baths? You’d need to know how to find your way around the Titanic’s many decks to find what you were looking for.
This table lists the ten decks on the Titanic, starting with the uppermost deck (called the Boat deck because most of the lifeboats were stored there) and ending with the Tank Top deck, the lowest deck in the ship. The table shows what was located fore, amidships, and aft on each deck:
- Fore: Toward the front of the ship
- Amidships: In the middle
- Aft: Toward the back
In the table, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and crew indicate what parts of the ship were accessible to first-class passengers, second-class passengers, third-class passengers, and crew members. Also, the poop deck was an exposed deck that formed the roof of an aft cabin on the ship.
Deck | Fore | Amidships | Aft |
---|---|---|---|
Boat | Officer’s bridge (crew) | Promenade (1st) Gymnasium (1st) | Promenade (2nd) |
Promenade (A) | Reading and Writing Room (1st) | Lounge (1st) | Smoking room (1st) Verandah Café (1st) Palm Courts (1st) |
Bridge (B) | Forecastle deck (crew) | Suites, cabins (1st) | À la Carte Restaurant (1st) Café Parisien (1st) Smoking room (2nd) Promenade (poop deck; 3rd) |
Shelter (C) | Crew mess (crew) | Cabins, staterooms (1st) Crew mess (crew) Purser’s office (crew) | Library (2nd) Smoking room (3rd) General room (3rd) |
Saloon (D) | Open space (3rd) Cabins (3rd) | Dining saloon (1st) Reception room (1st) Cabins (1st) | Dining saloon (2nd) Kitchen galleys (crew) |
Upper (E) | Cabins (3rd) | Cabins (2nd) Cabins (crew) | Cabins (2nd) Cabins (3rd) |
Middle (F) | Cabins (3rd) | Dining saloon (3rd) Swimming pool (1st) Turkish baths (1st) | Cabins (2nd) Cabins (3rd) |
Lower (G) | Storage rooms (crew) Engine rooms (crew) | Boiler rooms (crew) | Squash court (1st) Post office (crew) |
Orlop | Cargo rooms (crew) Baggage rooms (crew) Mail room (crew) | Boiler rooms (crew) | Engine rooms (crew) Cargo rooms (crew) |
Tank Top | Boiler rooms (crew) Engine rooms (crew) | Boiler rooms (crew) Engine rooms (crew) | Boiler rooms (crew) Engine rooms (crew) |
To get from deck to deck on the Titanic, first-class passengers could use an elevator or the Grand Staircase. The Grand Staircase rose from the first-class dining room and reception room on the Saloon deck (D) to the Boat deck, the uppermost deck on the ship. In the daytime, an iron-and-glass dome at the top of staircase let in natural light that flooded the staircase’s candelabra, oak paneling, and other ornate details. The Grand Staircase was the Titanic’s pièce de résistance and an important passageway from deck to deck. Even at the bottom of the ocean it serves an important purpose: The best means for submersibles to explore the interior of the Titanic wreck is to use the Grand Staircase.
The first five compartments began flooding the moment struck theiceberg, letting water into the fore peak tank, cargo holds beneathhatches no. 1 and 2, fireman's passage, and Boiler Room 6
Was there a hospital on the Titanic ship?
Yes there was. It was on the ground floor near to first class cabins. It had few beds for ill people and was the first room to be flooded and sink when the Titanic hit the iceberg and sank.
How could the Titanic stay afloat?
The Titanic could stay afloat with any two of her compartments flooded or with the first four flooded.
How long did the lights stay on the Titanic for?
The lights on the titanic stayed on for four minutes until sea water flooded the generator room
What half of the Titanic sunk first?
How many of the water compartments could be filled with water on the titanic?
Titanic was able to stay afloat if any two compartments or the first four became flooded. Unfortunately, after Titanic hit the iceberg it was revealed that the first six compartments were flooded.
What happened to the boiler room after the titanic hit the iceberg?
Several, but not all, boiler rooms were flooded thru the exterior breach. The others were flooded later from internal routes.
How big is a first class room on titanic?
a first class room on th titanic cost about 5,000 million and was about 180x200 square room :D
What were the first class dining rooms like on the titanic?
How many bulkheads flooded in the Titanic?
In researches they say, only seven out of sixteen bulk heads were flooded in the Titanic. but the researchers are still not sure!
How many compartments on the Titanic were flooded?
The Titanic can stay afloat if four of the watertight compartments were flooded. Unfortunately, five of those compartments were flooded, and the ocean water was spilling over each compartment, accelerating her sinking.
Did the Titanic have a dining room?
The Titanic had First, Second, and Third class dining rooms.
What were the facilities on the Titanic?
First class The titanic has a grand ball room, a glass dome above the grand staircase, a swimming pool, reading room and writing room
Why did the Titanic over load?
The Titanic didn't over load, it hit a iceburg which flooded the boat.
What reasion for Titanic sank?
the titanic was flooded because an iceberg struck the ship which filled the first 5 compartments when only 4 compartments can be filled in order for it to still stay afloat.
What class of people were allowed to occupy a three room suite on the Titanic?
Only First-Class passengers were able to occupy a three-room suite on Titanic.
What caused Titanic to happen?
An iceberg struck the starboard side of the Titanic on April 14th, around midnight. The iceberg flooded 5 watertight compartments, while she could only stay afloat with 4 flooded.
What caused the Titanic bout to sink?
The Titanic collided with an Iceburg, this ripped a large hole in the hull, the ship flooded and sank.
Who was involved of the sinking of the Titanic?
The titanic was sunk when it hit an underwater iceberg and tore a long gash in its side which flooded with water.
Did Titanic sink left?
After hitting the ice burg Titanic had a slight list to starboard due to asymmetrical flooding but this later corrected itself and the list swapped to the port side when the first few compartments flooded fully.
What did the first class cabins look like on the titanic?
The first class cabins on the Titanic looked like a hotel room but much, much better. It was like a penthouse back in the day.
How much was the most expensive t room on the titanic?
Tickets for the First Class parlor suite on Titanic were $4,350 (then) which would be close to $50,000 today.
How many of the water tight compartments were ruptured on the titanic?
The first six compartments were damaged. Although the last one, boiler room #5, seems to have been only lightly damaged, inside her coal bunker. To sum up: peak tank, cargo holds 1 to 3 (together with the enclosed firemen's tunnel), boiler room 6 and boiler room 5. Sadly, she could stay afloat with only four of her first compartments flooded.
What was the crash of the Titanic?
The Titanic crashed into an iceberg on 14th April 1912. The iceberg slashed 5 small cuts along the ships hull and caused the compartments to flood. If 5 comparments were flooded, Titanic wouldn't have sank, but 6 flooded and caused the starboard side of the ship to sink down, pulling the stern into the air:(
What was the actual damage to the Titanic?
The titanic was hit on the side of the boat and was flooded and it was because they tried to avoid it. If they slowed down and bumped the front they might not of sinked.
How many resturaunts were on the Titanic?
actually the titanic had one big room for each class first class though might have had a few some people had a personal veranda to eat out on and a public veranda, main room, a cigar room for the men, and maby a tea room for the ladies to drink tea in
What was used to slide the titanic in the water?
It was built in dry dock then the dock was flooded to move the ship out
What did a 3 room suite cost on titanic?
First Class (parlor suite) £870/$4,350 ($69,600 today). Information from Jim's Titanic Website: Titanic Facts and Figures (updated 12/18/2005)
What did the first class room look like on the titanic?
they looked like the suites we have now on our cruise ships
Why did people think the titanic un - sink able?
People thought the titanic was 'unsinkable' because the ship had a double bottomed hull that was divided into 16 presumably watertight compartments. Four of these could be flooded without endangering the liner's bouyancy, so the titanic was considered unsinkable. When the ship collided with the iceberg however, five of the compartments flooded, and the boat couldn't hold the weight of the flooded hull (body of the boat), and this made it heavier and more likely… Read More
Why Titanic ship sink not float?
The titanic did not float because it was only able to float if 4 or less water compartments flooded instead more did and it was to much for the titanic to hold and sadly many people died.
How many chambers could Titanic survive being flooded?
How many wate tight compartments got flooded in the Titanic?
5 compartments, which was one too many. Titanic was designed to stay afloat with 4 compartments breached, but not 5
What is a Titanic?
The Titanic was a ship that sunk on April 14th, 1912. Unfortunately, everybody said no one could sink it. Apparently it sunk. The name Titanic means Strong and Powerful. The only reason the Titanic sunk was because when it hit the ice berg it scraped off part of the bottom of the ship. Four compartments could of flooded with it still saying up, but six flooded. It started by the boiler room. And then it… Read More
Download: wladca pierscieni bitwa o srodziemie 2 pelna wersja torrent. Jak skonfigurowac router thompson do gier slowa na czasie 2 sprawdzian romantyzm odpowiedzi chomikuj pobierz za free wladca pierscieni powrot krola orange free ipad stan konta jak usunac skroty e52 gry erotyczne taxowka arthur keri zew nocy 05 chomikuj pogoda dlugoterminowa na 30dni LEKTOR Jency Polumgla 2005 DVDRip. Dec 29, 2017 Peb wladca pierscieni bitwa o srodziemie 2 pl gry na 2 osoby chomikuj na vlsku 2. Wladca Pierscieni Bitwa O Srodziemie 2 Crack Do Pobrania. adobe flash player download na telefon nokia lumia aion lowca poradnik awatar caly film po polsku dowlandUaktualnienie (patch) do gry Wadca Piercieni: Bitwa o rdziemie II Krl Nazguli z gatunku Gry.
How was the Titanic fantastic?
I never been on the Titanic, but I know that the Titanic wasn't good for room 2 and 3 passengers.
What was the luxury item did the titanic have built on bourd for the first?
The Titanic had many luxuries for first-class passengers. Examples include a swimming pool, massage room, gymnasium, squash court, a reception area, lounge and several restaurants.
What prices of titanic first second third class?
the first class people had an option of 2 room a ordinary room and a best room pices were: 1st best: £870 1st ordanariy:£30 2nd:£12 3rd:£3-£8
Where was the control room in the Titanic?
How many water tight components became sank on the titanic?
5 compartments were flooded, which was one too many, for the Titanic was designed to stay afloat with only 4 compartments breached
What happened when titanic the ship hit the iceage?
Water went through the bottom (3rd class) first. Then some how made it way up and flooded the whole ship. Then is sunk and went BYE BYE.
How many of these compartments could be filled with water and the titanic still afloat?
Olympic Class Ocean liners can stay afloat with the first 3 or 6 separate compartments flooded but only to the top of the bulkhead.
What did Thomas Andrews do on the night Titanic sank?
stayed in the first class reading room and went down with the ship as he was suppose to
How big are the rooms on the titanic?
Titanic had many small, shared chambers for Third Class and many large, interconnecting suites for First-Class and many sizes of berths between. The Dining room in First-Class, incidentally, was the largest room afloat (capacity 550). It even had a dance floor (but dancing was not permitted on Sundays).
How much room did the Titanic take up in the ocean?
What was the most visited room on the Titanic?
the bedrooms and the kitchen were the most visted rooms on the titanic
How much would a titanic first class ticket cost in todays currency?
about $3,700 today for a standard first class room and about $113,000 for the most exclusive
Where is the epic win badge on ROBLOX titanic?
In 2011 It Was In First Class Dining Room. But Now Its On A Or B Deck Bridge Around First Class Rooms.
How many watertight compartments on the titanic got flooded?
Sweet! I've just received my free minecraft giftcode! >> Minecraftcodes.info <<
When was the Titanic flooded?
Titanic started to flood at the time of impact but she did not become unstable until about ten minutes later. In other words, she started to tip towards the heavier part filled with water.
Why did the vikings come over to England?
because the vikings land had flooded and they had no room to grow food and they came to England to live in a place where they can grow with out getting flooded
Who was in the boiler room on titanic?
The sinking of the RMS Titanic in 1912 attracted so much controversy that several alternative theories about her sinking have gained support.
One version is that the sunken ship was actually the Olympic, near-identical sister-ship of the Titanic, which was the subject of a large insurance claim, and that the two vessels were secretly switched before the voyage. Another was that the Titanic's owner, J.P. Morgan, wanted to eliminate several prominent bankers who were opposing his plan for the creation of a U.S. central bank.
Accepted version[edit]
The Titanic struck an iceberg, leaving a hole in her starboard side long enough to flood her front compartments to above the water line. The ship then sank, causing about 1500 fatalities.
Pack ice[edit]
In 2003, Captain L. M. Collins, a former member of the Ice Pilot-age Service, published The Sinking of the Titanic: The Mystery Solved, proposing, based upon his own experience of ice navigation and witness statements given at the two post-disaster enquiries, that what the Titanic hit was not an iceberg but low-lying pack ice. He based his conclusion upon three main pieces of evidence.
- At 11.30pm on the night of the sinking, the two lookouts spotted what they believed to be haze on the horizon, extending approximately 20° on either side of the ship's bow, despite there being no other reports of haze at any time. Collins believes that what they saw was not haze but a strip of pack ice, 3–4 mi (4.8–6.4 km) ahead of the ship.[1]
- The ice was variously reported as 60 ft (18 m) high by the lookouts, 100 ft (30 m) high by Quartermaster Rowe on the deck, and only very low in the water by Fourth Officer Boxhall, on the starboard side near the darkened bridge. Collins believes that this was due to 'an optical phenomenon that is well known to ice navigators' where the flat sea and extreme cold distort the appearance of objects near the waterline, making them appear to be the height of the ship's lights, about 60 ft (18 m) above the surface near the bow, and 100 ft (30 m) high alongside the superstructure.[2]
- A ship such as the Titanic turned by pivoting about a point approximately a third of the ship's length from the bow, with the result that with her rudder hard over, she could not have avoided crushing her entire starboard side into an iceberg were such a collision to occur, with the result that 'the hull and possibly the superstructure on the starboard side would have been rent. In all probability, the ship would have flooded, capsized, and sunk within minutes.
Olympic exchange theory[edit]
One of the most controversial[3][4] and elaborate theories was forwarded by Robin Gardiner in his book, Titanic: The Ship That Never Sank?[5] Gardiner draws on several events and coincidences that occurred in the months, days, and hours leading up to the sinking of the Titanic, and concludes that the ship that sank was in fact Titanic's sister shipOlympic, disguised as Titanic, as an insurance scam by her owners, the International Mercantile Marine Group, controlled by American financier J.P. Morgan that had acquired the White Star Line in 1902.
Olympic was the slightly older sister of Titanic, built alongside the more famous vessel but launched in October 1910. Her exterior profile was nearly identical to Titanic, save for minor details such as the number of portholes on the forward C decks of the ships, the spacing of the windows on the B decks, and the forward section of the A deck promenade on Titanic that had been enclosed only a few weeks before she set sail on her ill-fated maiden voyage. Both ships were built with linoleum floors, but shortly before she was due to set sail J. Bruce Ismay, managing director of the White Star Line, inexplicably ordered the floors aboard Titanic carpeted over.
On 20 September 1911, the Olympic was involved in a collision with the Royal Navy Warship HMS Hawke in the Brambles Channel in Southampton Water while under the command of a harbour pilot. The two ships were close enough to each other that Olympic's motion drew the Hawke into her aft starboard side, causing extensive damage to the liner – both above and below her waterline (HMS Hawke was fitted with a re-inforced 'ram' below the waterline, purposely designed to cause maximum damage to enemy ships). An Admiralty inquiry assigned blame to the Olympic, despite numerous eyewitness accounts to the contrary.
Gardiner's theory plays out in this historical context. Olympic was found to be at blame in the collision (which, according to Gardiner, had damaged the central turbine's mountings and bent the keel, giving the ship a slight permanent list to port). Because of this finding, White Star's insurers Lloyd's of London allegedly refused to pay out on the claim. White Star's flagship would also be out of action during the extensive repairs, and the Titanic's completion date, which was already behind schedule due to Olympic's return to the yard after her loss of a propeller blade, would have to be delayed. All this would amount to a serious financial loss for the company. Gardiner proposes that, to make sure at least one vessel would be earning money, the badly damaged Olympic was patched up and then converted to become the Titanic. The real Titanic when complete would then quietly enter service as the Olympic.
The Titanic indeed had a list to port leaving Southampton. Inadequate trimming of cargo and bunkers would likely result in such and the crew seems to have demonstrated a lack of proficiency on several occasions. A list to port was noted by several Titanic survivors including Lawrence Beesley who wrote in his book about the sinking: 'I then called the attention of our table to the way the Titanic listed to port (I had noticed this before), and we watched the skyline through the portholes as we sat at the purser's table in the saloon.' (The dining saloon windows were double rows of portholes covered on the inside with screens of leaded decorative glass with no clear view of the outdoors.) This was echoed by survivor Norman Chambers, who testified that after the collision: 'However, there was then a slight list to starboard, with probably a few degrees in pitch; and as the ship had a list to port nearly all afternoon, I decided to remain up.'
Gardiner states that few parts of either ship bore the name, other than the easily removed lifeboats, bell, compass binnacle, and name plates. Everything else was standard White Star issue and was interchangeable between the two ships, and other vessels in the White Star fleet. While all other White Star Line Ships had their names engraved into their hulls, the Titanic alone had her name riveted over the top.
The plan, Gardiner suggests, was to dispose of the Olympic, which had allegedly been damaged beyond economic repair, in a way that would allow White Star to collect the full insured value of a brand new ship. He supposes that the seacocks were to be opened at sea to slowly flood the ship. If numerous ships were stationed nearby to take off the passengers, the shortage of lifeboats would not matter as the ship would sink slowly and the boats could make several trips to the rescuers.
Gardiner uses as evidence the length of Titanic's sea trials. Olympic's trials in 1910 took two days, including several high speed runs, but Titanic's trials reportedly only lasted for one day, with (Gardiner alleges) no working over half-speed. Gardiner says this was because the patched-up hull could not take any long periods of high speed. Perhaps this was due to the fact that Titanic as a nearly identical twin sister of the Olympic was expected to handle exactly the same, or perhaps the Board of Trade inspectors were in on the scheme.
Gardiner maintains that on 14 April, First Officer Murdoch (who was not officially on duty yet) was on the bridge because he was one of the few high-ranking officers other than Captain Smith who knew of the plan and was keeping a watch out for the rescue ships. One of Gardiner's most controversial statements is that the Titanic did not strike an iceberg, but an IMM rescue ship that was drifting on station with its lights out. Gardiner based this hypothesis on the idea that the supposed iceberg was seen at such a short distance by the lookouts on the Titanic because it was actually a darkened ship, and he also does not believe an iceberg could inflict such sustained and serious damage to a steel double-hulled vessel such as the Titanic.
Gardiner further hypothesises that the ship that was hit by the Titanic was the one seen by the SS Californian firing distress rockets, and that this explains the perceived inaction of the Californian (which traditionally is seen as failing to come to the rescue of the Titanic after sighting its distress rockets). Gardiner's hypothesis is that the Californian, another IMM ship, was not expecting rockets but a rendezvous. The ice on the deck of the Titanic is explained by Gardiner as ice from the rigging of both the Titanic and the mystery ship she hit. As for the true Titanic, Gardiner alleges that she spent 25 years in service as the Olympic and was scrapped in 1935.
Researchers Bruce Beveridge and Steve Hall took issue with many of Gardiner's claims in their book, Olympic and Titanic: The Truth Behind the Conspiracy.[3] Author Mark Chirnside has also raised serious questions about the switch theory.[4]
Purposely sunk[edit]
Some theorists believe that the Titanic was sunk on purpose to eliminate opposition to the creation of the Federal Reserve Bank. Some of the wealthiest men in the world were aboard the Titanic for her maiden voyage, several of whom, including John Jacob Astor IV, Benjamin Guggenheim, and Isidor Straus, were allegedly opposed to the creation of a U.S. central bank. All three men died during the sinking. Conspiracy theorists suggest that J.P. Morgan, the legendary 74-year-old financier who set up the investment banking firm that still bears his name, arranged to have the men board the ship and then sink her to eliminate them. Morgan, nicknamed the 'Napoleon of Wall Street', had helped create General Electric, U.S. Steel, and International Harvester, and was credited with almost single-handedly saving the U.S. banking system during the Panic of 1907. Morgan did have a hand in the creation of the Federal Reserve, and owned the International Mercantile Marine, which owned the White Star Line, and thus the Titanic.[6]
Morgan, who had attended the Titanic's launching in 1911, had a personal suite aboard the ship with his own private promenade deck and a bath equipped with specially designed cigar holders. He was reportedly booked on the ship's maiden voyage but instead canceled the trip and remained at the French resort of Aix-les-Bains to enjoy his morning massages and sulfur baths.[6] His last-minute cancellation has fuelled speculation among conspiracy theorists that he knew her fate.
Closed watertight doors[edit]
Another theory involves Titanic's watertight doors. This theory suggests that if these doors had been opened, the Titanic would have settled on an even keel and therefore, perhaps, remained afloat long enough for rescue ships to arrive. However, this theory appears to be far from reality for two reasons: first, there were no watertight doors between any of the first four compartments,[clarification needed] thus it was impossible to lower the concentration of water in the bow significantly. Second, Bedford and Hacket have shown by calculations that any significant amount of water aft of boiler room No. 4 would have resulted in capsizing of the Titanic, which would have occurred about 30 minutes earlier than the actual time of sinking.[7] Additionally, the lighting would have been lost about 70 minutes after the collision due to the flooding of the boiler rooms.[7] Bedford and Hacket also analysed the hypothetical case that there were no bulkheads at all. Then, the vessel would have capsized about 70 minutes before the actual time of sinking and lighting would have been lost about 40 minutes after the collision.
Later, in a 1998 documentary titled Titanic: Secrets Revealed,[8] the Discovery Channel ran model simulations which also rebutted this theory. The simulations indicated that opening Titanic's watertight doors would have caused the ship to capsize earlier than she actually sank by more than one half hour, confirming the findings of Bedford and Hacket.
Expansion joints theory[edit]
Breakup suspected by Long
Titanic researchers continued to debate the causes and mechanics of the ship's breakup. According to his book, A Night to Remember, Walter Lord described Titanic as assuming an 'absolutely perpendicular' position shortly before its final plunge.[9] This view remained largely unchallenged even after the wreck's discovery by Robert Ballard in 1985 confirmed that Titanic had broken in two pieces at or near the surface; paintings by noted marine artist Ken Marschall and in James Cameron's film Titanic, both of which depicted the ship attaining a steep angle prior to the breakup.[10] Most researchers acknowledged that Titanic's after expansion joint—designed to allow for flexing of the hull in a seaway—played little to no role in the ship's breakup,[11] though debate continued as to whether the ship had broken from the top downwards or from the bottom upwards.[citation needed][clarification needed]
In 2005, a History Channel expedition to the wreck site scrutinised two large sections of Titanic's keel, which constituted the portion of the ship's bottom from immediately below the site of the break. With assistance from naval architect Roger Long, the team analysed the wreckage and developed a new break-up scenario[12] which was publicised in the television documentary Titanic's Final Moments: Missing Pieces in 2006. One hallmark of this new theory was the claim that Titanic's angle at the time of the breakup was far less than had been commonly assumed—according to Long, no greater than 11°.
Long also suspected that Titanic's breakup may have begun with the premature failure of the ship's after expansion joint, and ultimately exacerbated the loss of life by causing Titanic to sink faster than anticipated. In 2006, the History Channel sponsored dives on Titanic's younger sister ship, Britannic, which verified that the design of Britannic's expansion joints was superior to that incorporated in the Titanic.[13] To further explore Long's theory, the History Channel commissioned a new computer simulation by JMS Engineering. The simulation, whose results were featured in the 2007 documentary Titanic's Achilles Heel, partially refuted Long's suspicions by demonstrating that Titanic's expansion joints were strong enough to deal with any and all stresses the ship could reasonably be expected to encounter in service and, during the sinking, actually outperformed their design specifications.[14] But, most important is that the expansion joints were part of the superstructure, which was situated above the strength deck (B-deck) and therefore above the top of the structural hull girder. Thus, the expansion joints had no meaning for the support of the hull. They played no role in the breaking of the hull. They simply opened up and parted as the hull flexed or broke beneath them.
Brad Matsen's 2008 book Titanic's Last Secrets endorses the expansion joint theory.[15]
One common oversight is the fact that the collapse of the first funnel at a relatively shallow angle occurred when the forward expansion joint, over which several funnel stays crossed, opened as the hull was beginning to stress. The opening of the joint stretched and snapped the stays. The forward momentum of the ship as she took a sudden lurch forwards and downwards sent the unsupported funnel toppling onto the starboard bridge wing.
One theory that would support the fracturing of the hull is that the Titanic partly grounded on the shelf of ice below the waterline as she collided with the iceberg, perhaps damaging the keel and underbelly. Later during the sinking, it was noticed that Boiler Room #4 flooded from below the floor grates rather than from over the top of the watertight bulkhead. This would be consistent with additional damage along the keel compromising the integrity of the hull.
Fire in coal bunker[edit]
A fire began in one of Titanic'scoal bunkers approximately 10 days prior to the ship's departure, and continued to burn for several days into her voyage.[16][17] Fires occurred frequently on board steamships due to spontaneous combustion of the coal.[18] The fires had to be extinguished with fire hoses, by moving the coal on top to another bunker and by removing the burning coal and feeding it into the furnace.[19] This event has led some authors to theorise that the fire exacerbated the effects of the iceberg collision, by reducing the structural integrity of the hull and a critical bulkhead.[20][21]
In 2011 David J H Smith put forward this idea in his book The Titanic's Mummy[22] which looked at the event in a docudrama style. It was stated that the bunker fire was at the heart of the eventual disaster claiming that decisions made because of the blaze led it to a collision course with the iceberg. The book also looks at the fire's physical effect on the ship which claims it weakened the area of impact.
Senan Molony has suggested that attempts to extinguish the fire – by shovelling burning coals into the engine furnaces – may have been the primary reason for the Titanic steaming at full speed prior to the collision, despite ice warnings.[23] Most experts disagree. Samuel Halpern has concluded that 'the bunker fire would not have weakened the watertight bulkhead sufficiently to cause it to collapse.'[24][25] Also, it has been suggested that the coal bunker fire actually helped Titanic to last longer during the sinking and prevented the ship from rolling over to starboard after the impact, due to the subtle port list created by the moving of coal inside the ship prior to the encounter with the iceberg.[26] Some of these foremost Titanic experts have published a detailed rebuttal of Molony's claims.[27]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^L.M. Collins (2003). The Sinking of the Titanic: The Mystery Solved. Souvenir Press. p. 16. ISBN0-285-63711-8.
- ^Collins, 17–18
- ^ abBruce Beveridge and Steve Hall (2004). Olympic & Titanic: The Truth Behind the Conspiracy. Infinity Publishing. ISBN978-0-7414-1949-1.
- ^ abMark Chirnside (2006). 'Olympic & Titanic – An Analysis of the Robin Gardiner Conspiracy Theory'(PDF). Retrieved 4 October 2008.
- ^Robin Gardiner (1998). Titanic: The Ship That Never Sank?. Ian Allan Publishing. ISBN978-0-7110-2633-9.
- ^ abDaugherty, Greg. 'Seven Famous People Who Missed the Titanic'. Smithsonian. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
- ^ abHacket C. and Bedford, J.G. (1996). The Sinking of the S.S. Titanic – Investigated by Modern Techniques. The Northern Ireland Branch of the Institute of Marine Engineers and the Royal Institution of Naval Architects, 26 March 1996 and the Joint Meeting of the Royal Institution of Naval Architects and the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland, 10 December 1996
- ^famousgir1 (3 April 1998). 'Titanic: Secrets Revealed (TV Movie 1998)'. IMDb.
- ^Walter Lord (1956). A Night to Remember. Bantam. p. 79. ISBN0553010603.
- ^Don Lynch and Ken Marschall (1992). Titanic: An Illustrated History. Hyperion. pp. 136, 139. ISBN1562829181.
- ^Robert D. Ballard (1987). The Discovery of the Titanic. Warner Books. ISBN0446513857.
- ^'The Break Up'. The History Channel. Archived from the original on 3 November 2008. Retrieved 11 November 2008.
- ^Mark Chirnside. 'The Olympic' Class's Expansion Joints'. titanic-model.com. Archived from the original on 31 January 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
- ^JMS Engineering study. 'RMS Titanic: Complete Hull Failure Following Collision with Iceberg'(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
- ^Brad Matsen (October 2008). Titanic's Last Secrets. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN9780446582056.
- ^Titanic doomed by fire raging below decks, says new theory – The Independent. 12 April 2008. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
- ^'Titanic Conspiracies'. Titanic Conspiracies | Stuff They Don't Want You to Know. 6 October 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
- ^Halpern & Weeks 2011, p. 122.
- ^Titanic Research & Modeling Association: Coal Bunker FireArchived 12 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- ^Huge fire ripped through Titanic before it struck iceberg, fresh evidence suggests – The Telegraph. 31 December 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2016
- ^Titanic sank due to enormous uncontrollable fire, not iceberg, claim experts – The Independent. 3 January 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
- ^Smith, David J. H. (2011). The Titanic's Mummy. Paige Croft Publishing. ISBN9780956830500.
- ^Titanic Disaster: New Theory Fingers Coal Fire – Geological Society of America. 11 November 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
- ^Fire Down Below - by Samuel Halpern. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
- ^Halpern & Weeks 2011, pp. 122–126.
- ^Titanic's Guardian Angel – by Parks Stephenson. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
- ^Titanic: Fire & Ice (Or What You Will) Various Authors. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
Bibliography[edit]
- Halpern, Samuel; Weeks, Charles (2011). 'Description of the Damage to the Ship'. In Halpern, Samuel (ed.). Report into the Loss of the SS Titanic: A Centennial Reappraisal. Stroud, UK: The History Press. ISBN978-0-7524-6210-3.
External links[edit]
- Was there a fire aboard Titanic?, CBC News
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RMS_Titanic_alternative_theories&oldid=902956873'
Several, but not all, boiler rooms were flooded thru theexterior breach. The others were flooded later from internalroutes.
What damge did the iceberg do to the titanic?
It sank boiler room #1,2,3,4 and 5. After the boiler rooms sank, The ship sank.
How many of the 16 compartments were affected by the crash of the Titanic iceberg?
The first 6 compartments were breached but pumps were able to slow the flooding of boiler room 5.
Who was in the boiler room on titanic?
What room flooded first on the Titanic?
The first five compartments began flooding the moment struck the iceberg, letting water into the fore peak tank, cargo holds beneath hatches no. 1 and 2, fireman's passage, and Boiler Room 6
How did people on the Titanic knew that the Titanic crashed?
Most of the crew did not know what was happening. There was no communication between the boiler room (Where the iceberg did the damage) to the engine room. Also there was no alarm to tell the passengers there was a problem. So most of the passengers thought it was nothing more then a drill. I believe they found out it was not a drill when the crew lowered the life boats into the water.
What were passengers doing when the titanic hit the iceberg?
Titanic hit the iceberg at 11:40 at night (ship's time) so many passengers were asleep or, at least, retired. There were, of course, some games to be played in the smoking room but for the most part, people were in their cabins.
Was there a hospital on the Titanic ship?
Yes there was. It was on the ground floor near to first class cabins. It had few beds for ill people and was the first room to be flooded and sink when the Titanic hit the iceberg and sank.
Why the titanic ship sunk when it ran in to iceberg?
The reason Titanic sank from the iceberg: It tore open a 300-foot long gash on the Starboard side, exposing the six forward, water-tight compartments to the sea. The moment all six were exposed, Titanic's death was a certainty. Had it been a head on collision, she would have survived, and continued on to New York. However, when Boiler Room 6 went under, Titanic's fate was sealed. Two hours and forty minutes later at 2:22 P.M… Read More
What was the Production Budget for Boiler Room?
The Production Budget for Boiler Room was $9,000,000.
Is the film Boiler room a remake of an old film?
Did Jack daswon ever exists in the real titanic?
There was a man going by the name 'J. Dawson' on board the Titanic. However, his name was not Jack, but Joseph. He was also not a passenger, but a crew member--he worked in the boiler room.
What is the duration of Boiler Room film?
The duration of Boiler Room - film - is 1.97 hours.
Why is the titanic the only ship with 4 funnels?
Only three funnels were connected to the Boiler Room, the fourth one was for 'show' only, to balance the design of the ship
How long after the iceberg was seen did Titanic hit it?
Only Seconds From the time the lookouts sounded the alert, the officers on the bridge had only 37 seconds to react before the Titanic hit the iceberg. In that time, First Officer Murdoch ordered 'hard a-starboard' (sharp left turn). He also ordered the engine room to put the engines in reverse. The Titanic did bank left, but it wasn't quite enough.
Could the captian of the Titanic do anything to avoid the ice berg?
The Captain was in bed when they had the collision, but if the people in the Crow's Nest had seen the iceberg and alerted the people in the control room just 30 seconds earlier the ship could have avoided the iceberg
When was Boiler Room - film - created?
When was Boiler Room - band - created?
How much money did Boiler Room gross worldwide?
Where's some secret rooms in Club Penguin?
All of the secret rooms are.. EPF Command Room, Secret Ninja Hideout, Iceberg, Underground Pool, Boiler Room, PSA Head Quarters from older years, Underground Mine, The Hidden Lake, and the Command Room.
Which funnel was the 4th one on the titanic?
The first three funnels were connected to the boiler room and its 29 scotch type furnaces. The last one (at the stern) was the false one
How much money did Boiler Room gross domestically?
Boiler Room grossed $16,963,963 in the domestic market.
What happen in the boiler room after the ship hit the iceberg?
As the cold water rushed into the ship and got to the hot boiler room the boilers blew up, but today the researchers believe this was NOT the cause of the ship breaking into two pieces. They are able to look at the parts of the ship on the ocean floor and see that an explosion did not cause the ship to break apart. Eyewitness accounts also refute the theory that the ship broke apart… Read More
What do bianca and drew do in the boiler room on degrassi?
Well, Biana is the 'boyfriend stealer', but it is not stated what Drew and Bianca did in the boiler room. But if you put all the clues together you can figure out that they had 'oral sex' which is what they had in the boiler room.
How did the Titanic collide?
The ships lookout saw a large iceberg, and command was sent to the engine room for evasive maneuver, but the huge ship could not respond quickly enough, and glanced the iceberg, ripping open six connected underwater compartments, dooming the ship.
How many of the water tight compartments were ruptured on the titanic?
The first six compartments were damaged. Although the last one, boiler room #5, seems to have been only lightly damaged, inside her coal bunker. To sum up: peak tank, cargo holds 1 to 3 (together with the enclosed firemen's tunnel), boiler room 6 and boiler room 5. Sadly, she could stay afloat with only four of her first compartments flooded.
How do you get in the boiler room on Club Penguin?
Go in the Night Club and then in one of those speakers you would find a boiler room.
What does the secret room on cp look like?
There are many secret rooms on CP. So here they are. The Iceberg- on map Dojo Hideout- Left of Dojo Courtyard Fire Dojo- In Dojo Hideout EPF Command Room- Everyday Phoning Facility Pool-Underground Boiler room-Under the Nightclub
What was the Name of the long island firm boiler room scam?
There are scams that involve 'boiler room' operations. And certainly many from Long Island. But you'd need to be more specific. 'Boiler room' is an aspect of scams, not a defining characteristic.
What room can you find copies of penguin times?
What room has the penguin times in it on Club Penguin?
Where did the titanic lower deck crew live in?
The engine room crew lived in the foreward section of the ship under the forecastle deck. They spent the entire voyage going between there and the boiler rooms.
Were is the boiler room on the case of the missing coins?
first you teleport to the town then go into the night club in the left speaker theres the boiler room
In which room can you find old copies of the penguin times?
What room can you find old newspaper in club penguin?
Where are the archives in Club Penguin?
Where do you get the water pool in clubpenguin?
Go to the dance club and then in the right speaker, click it and then your in the boiler room. No click the next door in the boiler room. NOW YOUR IN THE POOL
What room on Club Penguin has a thermometer in it?
Which room doesent have music in the back round in club penguin?
Where is the boiler room in cp?
Go to the night club. Hover over the speaker on the right. It should open to reveal a ladder. Click on the ladder to go to the Boiler Room.
Where do you go to get to the boiler room in Club Penguin?
Go into the cav and then go through that dark cave over to the left it will lead you to a room with a swimming pool go through the door to the left and yo will be in the boiler room
How do you solve the puzzle in the boiler room in Club Penguin?
You move pieces around and rotate them to make a path to the boiler.
In what room can you find old copies of penguin times in club penguin?
What room can you find old copices on the penguin times on club penguin?
Where do you get the third person SOS poptropica?
Where is the new field opp on clubpenguin?
Does a school have a boiler room?
How do you get into the boiler room on SOS island on poptropica?
to get to the boiler room you must first rescue the passenger and the announcer girl from the ballroom then go to the hallway then you have to go up to the air vent
Were is the bolier on Club Penguin in the night club in the case of the missing coins?
The boiler room is in the right stereo of the Night Club. [you roll over it, and click it; then you will be sent to the boiler room]
How big is a first class room on titanic?
a first class room on th titanic cost about 5,000 million and was about 180x200 square room :D
On club penguin what room can you find old copies of the old penguin?
You can Find Old copies in the boiler room. You can get to the boiler room by; teleporting, going into one of the speakers in the night club or going through the door in the pool.